Intractability is a growing concern across the cognitive sciences: while many models of cognition can describe and predict human behavior in the lab, it remains unclear how these models can scale to situations of real-world complexity. Cognition and Intractability is the first book to provide an accessible introduction to computational complexity analysis and its application to questions of intractability in cognitive science. Covering both classical and parameterized complexity analysis, it introduces the mathematical concepts and proof techniques that can be used to test one's intuition of (in)tractability. It also describes how these tools can be applied to cognitive modeling to deal with intractability, and its ramifications, in a systematic way. Aimed at students and researchers in philosophy, cognitive neuroscience, psychology, artificial intelligence, and linguistics who want to build a firm understanding of intractability and its implications in their modeling work, it is an ideal resource for teaching or self-study.
During the early Middle Ages, King Alfred (reigned 871-99) gained fame as the ruler who brought learning back to England after decades of Viking invasion. Although analysis of Alfred's canon typically focuses on his religious and philosophical texts, his relatively overlooked law code, or Domboc, reveals much about his rule, and how he was perceived in subsequent centuries. Joining major voices in the fields of early English law and literature, this exploration of King Alfred's influential text traces its evolution from its 9th century origins to reappearances in the 11th, 12th, and 16th centuries. Alfred's use of the vernacular and representation of secular practices, this work contends, made the Domboc an ideal text for establishing a particularly "English" national identity.
This book profiles fourteen of New England's most rare and endangered flora and fauna - mammals, birds, insects, plants, and fish - by following the biologists who are researching, monitoring, and protecting them. Each chapter includes a first-person account of the author's experience with these experts, as well as details about the species' life history, threats, and conservation strategies. McLeish traps bats in Vermont and lynx in Maine, gets attacked by marauding birds in Massachusetts, and observes the metamorphosis of dragonflies in Rhode Island. He visits historical cemeteries to see New England's rarest plant, tracks sturgeon in the Connecticut River, and observes a parade of what may be the rarest mammal on earth, the North Atlantic right whale, in Cape Cod Bay. The book's title comes from the name of one of the birds in the book, the golden-winged warbler, and the unusual characteristic used to distinguish the rare Indiana bat from its common cousins, its hairy toes. McLeish, a longtime wildlife advocate and essayist, has a gift for communicating scientific information in an interesting and accessible way. His goal in this book - to make an emotional connection to a variety of fascinating animals and plants - is successfully conveyed to the reader, who comes away amazed by the complexity of individual species and the ecosystems necessary for their survival. Sometimes there are surprises: how lynx benefit from the clear cutting of forests or how utility companies - often blamed for environmental degradation - have accidentally succeeded in creating excellent habitat for golden-winged warblers along their power line corridors. Such examples support McLeish's assertion that we can meet the immense challenges to species preservation, such as global warming, acid rain, and mercury poisoning, as well as the difficulty of adding new species to the 1973 Endangered Species Act. As McLeish's book shows, each rare species has an important story to tell about the causes of its population decline, the obstacles each face in rebuilding a sustainable population, and the people who go to extraordinary lengths to give these species a chance to thrive.
This book describes how obesity results from an imbalance between the intake of food energy and the expenditure of energy from physical activity and increases the risk of serious health problems including heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, and several types of cancer. Obesity is a global health problem that has reached epidemic levels. The worldwide prevalence of adult obesity is 13 percent of adults and 7 percent of children. The author explains how body mass index (BMI) can be used to screen for obesity, but that its diagnosis depends on clinical measurement of total body fat content and distribution. The book describes rare forms of obesity caused by a single gene or a genetic syndrome, and common obesity, a complex disease caused by multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. The book presents examples of obesity susceptibility genes and describes obesity genetic testing. It details how obesity can usually be treated with dietary changes, increased physical activity, and behavioral modification, but that people with extreme obesity or those who have serious health complications, require pharmaceutical or surgical interventions. Dr. Eckdahl discusses promising prospects for the treatment of obesity involving new pharmaceuticals, stem cell therapy, gene therapy, and fecal microbiota transplants.
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