Relativism is a philosophical topic that has many dimensions and can mean many things. It is the view that one thing owes existence, truth, goodness or beauty to something else and is central to an understanding of any of the four traditional divisions of philosophy: ontology, epistemology, ethics and aesthetics. Relativism: A Guide for the Perplexed offers a concise introduction to relativism and how it applies to the different parts of the basic, foundational areas of philosophy and, indeed, to every area of human enquiry. Timothy Mosteller provides an overview of the topic across the discipline of philosophy, examining it in detail in its primary forms: ontological relativism, epistemological relativism, moral relativism and aesthetic relativism. The book concludes with a summary of the role of relativism in three other key academic disciplines: science, politics, and religion.
The heresy of heresies was common sense." --George Orwell, 1984. This book is a defense of common-sense realism, which is the greatest heresy of our time. Following common-sense philosophers like Thomas Aquinas, G. K. Chesterton, C. S. Lewis, Dallas Willard, and J. P. Moreland, this book defends a common-sense vision of reality within the Christian tradition. Mosteller shows how common-sense realism is more reasonable than the materialist, idealist, pragmatist, existentialist, and relativist spirits of our age. It maintains that we can know the nature of reality through common-sense experience and that this knowledge has profound implication for living the good life and being a good person.
From the Pre-Socratics to the 21st century, Theories of Truth: An Introduction provides a clear, introductory account of the major theories of truth. Starting with a defense of the importance of truth in reflection, this introduction guides readers through correspondence, coherence, deflationist and pragmatic theories to the connection between truth and rationality. Without assuming prior knowledge, it thematically introduces the key theories and explains the challenges and objections that exist as well as the links that can be made with other areas of human inquiry. Informative and critical, each chapter covers a single theory and presents a robust coverage of the debates, accessible descriptions of technicalities and an accurate account of the history. For undergraduates looking to understand the place, development and importance of truth in either epistemology specifically or philosophy in general, Theories of Truth: An Introduction offers a straightforward understanding of truth, clarifying both the history of the theories and the current debates about them.
This is a much-needed critical study of epistemological relativism in contemporary American philosophy, with special refence to the views of Alasdair MacIntyre, Hilary Putnam and Richard Rorty.
Written by renowned experts in the field, Sampling Strategies for Natural Resources and the Environment covers the sampling techniques used in ecology, forestry, environmental science, and natural resources. The book presents methods to estimate aggregate characteristics on a per unit area basis as well as on an elemental basis. In addition to common sampling designs such as simple random sampling and list sampling, the authors explore more specialized designs for sampling vegetation, including randomized branch sampling and 3P sampling. One of the book's unique features is the emphasis on areal sampling designs, including plot/quadrat sampling, Bitterlich sampling, line intersect sampling, and several lesser known designs. The book also provides comprehensive solutions to the problem of edge effect. Another distinguishing aspect is the inclusion of sampling designs for continuums, focusing on the methods of Monte Carlo integration. By presenting a conceptual understanding of each sampling design and estimation procedure as well as mathematical derivations and proofs in the chapter appendices, this text promotes a deep understanding of the underpinnings of sampling theory, estimation, and inference. Moreover, it will help you reliably sample natural populations and continuums.
Designed to aid readers in gathering the most reliable quantitative information on forests for the least cost. Thoroughly explains the interrelationships between sampling strategies; discusses forestry techniques of efficient tactics; examines new developments in statistics having immediate applications in forestry and describes related developments that should have relevance in the future. Includes practical methods for dealing with forest data such as tree number, height, diameter and marketable wood. Also contains problem sets.
Head Start. Bilingual education. Small class size. Social promotion. School funding. Virtually every school system in America has had to face these issues over the past thirty years. Advocates and dissenters have declared confidently that the research is on their side. But is it? In the first book to bring together the recent history of educational policy and politics with the research evidence, Timothy Hacsi presents the illuminating, often-forgotten stories of these five controversial topics. He sifts through the complicated evaluation research literature and compares the policies that have been adopted to the best evidence about what actually works. He lucidly explains what the major studies show, what they don't, and how they have been misunderstood and misrepresented. Hacsi shows how rarely educational policies are based on solid research evidence, and how programs that sound plausible simply do not satisfy the complex needs of real children.
This textbook and guide focuses on methodologies for bias analysis in epidemiology and public health, not only providing updates to the first edition but also further developing methods and adding new advanced methods. As computational power available to analysts has improved and epidemiologic problems have become more advanced, missing data, Bayes, and empirical methods have become more commonly used. This new edition features updated examples throughout and adds coverage addressing: Measurement error pertaining to continuous and polytomous variables Methods surrounding person-time (rate) data Bias analysis using missing data, empirical (likelihood), and Bayes methods A unique feature of this revision is its section on best practices for implementing, presenting, and interpreting bias analyses. Pedagogically, the text guides students and professionals through the planning stages of bias analysis, including the design of validation studies and the collection of validity data from other sources. Three chapters present methods for corrections to address selection bias, uncontrolled confounding, and measurement errors, and subsequent sections extend these methods to probabilistic bias analysis, missing data methods, likelihood-based approaches, Bayesian methods, and best practices.
Now in a fully revised Fourth Edition, Modern Epidemiology remains the gold standard text in this complex and evolving field. This edition continues to provide comprehensive coverage of the principles and methods for the design, analysis, and interpretation of epidemiologic research. Featuring a new format allowing space for margin notes, this edition • Reflects both the conceptual development of this evolving science and the increasing role that epidemiology plays in improving public health and medicine. • Features new coverage of methods such as agent-based modeling, quasi-experimental designs, mediation analysis, and causal modeling. • Updates coverage of methods such as concepts of interaction, bias analysis, and time-varying designs and analysis. • Continues to cover the full breadth of epidemiologic methods and concepts, including epidemiologic measures of occurrence and effect, study designs, validity, precision, statistical interference, field methods, surveillance, ecologic designs, and use of secondary data sources. • Includes data analysis topics such as Bayesian analysis, probabilistic bias analysis, time-to-event analysis, and an extensive overview of modern regression methods including logistic and survival regression, splines, longitudinal and cluster-correlated/hierarchical data analysis, propensity scores and other scoring methods, and marginal structural models. • Summarizes the history, specialized aspects, and future directions of topical areas, including among others social epidemiology, infectious disease epidemiology, genetic and molecular epidemiology, psychiatric epidemiology, injury and violence epidemiology, and pharmacoepidemiology.
Foundations of Health Service Psychology 2e describes a comprehensive science-based approach to the clinical practice of psychology. It systematically applies scientific advances in understanding human psychology to updating the conceptual frameworks used for education, practice, and research in health service psychology. This new edition includes significant elaboration on recent research. Neural and behavioral science research regarding many aspects of cognition, emotion, and behavior has strengthened substantially over the past decade as has the role of evolutionary theory for understanding why humans are "designed” the way we are. The movement toward integrated primary care has also advanced considerably. These and other topics are updated significantly in this new edition. The new edition is also reorganized to streamline the presentation.
This in-depth treatment uses shape theory as a "case study" to illustrate situations common to many areas of mathematics, including the use of archetypal models as a basis for systems of approximations. It offers students a unified and consolidated presentation of extensive research from category theory, shape theory, and the study of topological algebras. A short introduction to geometric shape explains specifics of the construction of the shape category and relates it to an abstract definition of shape theory. Upon returning to the geometric base, the text considers simplical complexes and numerable covers, in addition to Morita's form of shape theory. Subsequent chapters explore Bénabou's theory of distributors, the theory of exact squares, Kan extensions, the notion of a stable object, and stability in an Abelian context. The text concludes with a brief description of derived functors of the limit functor theory—the concept that leads to movability and strong movability of systems—and illustrations of the equivalence of strong movability and stability in many contexts.
Decision making is the physician's major activity. Every day, in doctors' offices throughout the world, patients describe their symptoms and com plaints while doctors perform examinations, order tests, and, on the basis of these data, decide what is wrong and what should be done. Although the process may appear routine-even to the physicians in volved-each step in the sequence requires skilled clinical judgment. Physicians must decide: which symptoms are important, whether any laboratory tests should be done, how the various items of clinical data should be combined, and, finally, which of several treatments (including doing nothing) is indicated. Although much of the information used in clinical decision making is objective, the physician's values (a belief that pain relief is more important than potential addiction to pain-killing drugs, for example) and subjectivity are as much a part of the clinical process as the objective findings of laboratory tests. In recent years, both physicians and psychologists have come to realize that patient management decisions are not only subjective but also prob abilistic (although this is not always acknowledged overtly). When doc tors argue that an operation is fairly safe because it has a mortality rate of only 1 %, they are at least implicitly admitting that the outcome of their decision is based on probability.
Focusing on writing for publication, The Handbook of Scholarly Writing and Publishing discusses the components of a manuscript, types of manuscripts, and the submission process. It shows how to craft scholarly papers and other writing suitable for submission to academic journals. The handbook covers how to develop writing skills by offering guidance on becoming an excellent manuscript reviewer and outlining what makes a good review, and includes advice on follow-through with editors, rejection, and rewrites and re-submittals.
The statistical analysis of discrete multivariate data has received a great deal of attention in the statistics literature over the past two decades. The develop ment ofappropriate models is the common theme of books such as Cox (1970), Haberman (1974, 1978, 1979), Bishop et al. (1975), Gokhale and Kullback (1978), Upton (1978), Fienberg (1980), Plackett (1981), Agresti (1984), Goodman (1984), and Freeman (1987). The objective of our book differs from those listed above. Rather than concentrating on model building, our intention is to describe and assess the goodness-of-fit statistics used in the model verification part of the inference process. Those books that emphasize model development tend to assume that the model can be tested with one of the traditional goodness-of-fit tests 2 2 (e.g., Pearson's X or the loglikelihood ratio G ) using a chi-squared critical value. However, it is well known that this can give a poor approximation in many circumstances. This book provides the reader with a unified analysis of the traditional goodness-of-fit tests, describing their behavior and relative merits as well as introducing some new test statistics. The power-divergence family of statistics (Cressie and Read, 1984) is used to link the traditional test statistics through a single real-valued parameter, and provides a way to consolidate and extend the current fragmented literature. As a by-product of our analysis, a new 2 2 statistic emerges "between" Pearson's X and the loglikelihood ratio G that has some valuable properties.
Emphasizing the use of WinBUGS and R to analyze real data, Bayesian Ideas and Data Analysis: An Introduction for Scientists and Statisticians presents statistical tools to address scientific questions. It highlights foundational issues in statistics, the importance of making accurate predictions, and the need for scientists and statisticians to collaborate in analyzing data. The WinBUGS code provided offers a convenient platform to model and analyze a wide range of data. The first five chapters of the book contain core material that spans basic Bayesian ideas, calculations, and inference, including modeling one and two sample data from traditional sampling models. The text then covers Monte Carlo methods, such as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. After discussing linear structures in regression, it presents binomial regression, normal regression, analysis of variance, and Poisson regression, before extending these methods to handle correlated data. The authors also examine survival analysis and binary diagnostic testing. A complementary chapter on diagnostic testing for continuous outcomes is available on the book’s website. The last chapter on nonparametric inference explores density estimation and flexible regression modeling of mean functions. The appropriate statistical analysis of data involves a collaborative effort between scientists and statisticians. Exemplifying this approach, Bayesian Ideas and Data Analysis focuses on the necessary tools and concepts for modeling and analyzing scientific data. Data sets and codes are provided on a supplemental website.
*A Good Morning America Buzz Book* *A LitHub Most Anticipated Book of 2022* The definitive biography of Charles Barkley, exploring his early childhood, his storied NBA career, and his enduring legacy as a provocative voice in American pop culture He’s one of the most interesting American athletes in the past fifty years. Passionate, candid, iconoclastic, and gifted both on and off the court, Charles Barkley has made a lasting impact on not only the world of basketball but pop culture at large. Yet few people know the real Charles. Raised by his mother and grandmother in Leeds, Alabama, he struggled in his early years to fit in until he found a sense of community and purpose in basketball. In the NBA he went toe-to-toe with the biggest legends in the game, from Magic to Michael to Hakeem to Shaq. But in the years since, he has become a bold agitator for social change, unafraid to grapple, often brashly, with even the thorniest of cultural issues facing our nation today. Informed by over 370 original interviews and painstaking research, Timothy Bella’s Barkley is the most comprehensive biography to date of one of the most talked-about icons in the world of sports.
This 8th Edition of Moss and Adams' Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Including the Fetus and Young Adult, provides updated and useful information from leading experts in pediatric cardiology. Added chapters and a companion web site that includes the full text with bonus question and answer sections make this Moss and Adams’ edition a valuable resource for those who care for infants, children, adolescents, young adults, and fetuses with heart disease. Features: · Access to online questions similar to those on the pediatric cardiology board examination to prepare you for certification or recertification · Leading international experts provide state-of-the-art diagnostic and interventional techniques to keep you abreast of the latest advances in treatment of young patients · Chapters on quality of life, quality and safety, pharmacology, and research design add to this well-respected text
This text provides a unique view of global inequities in health status and health sytems. Emphasizing socioeconomic conditions, it combines chapters on conceptual and measurement issues with case studies from around the world.
A guide to the issues relevant to the design, analysis, and interpretation of toxicity studies that examine chemicals for use in the environment Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Studies offers a guide to the design, analysis, and interpretation of a range of experiments that are used to assess the toxicity of chemicals. While the book highlights ecotoxicity studies, the methods presented are applicable to the broad range of toxicity studies. The text contains myriad datasets (from laboratory and field research) that clearly illustrate the book's topics. The datasets reveal the techniques, pitfalls, and precautions derived from these studies. The text includes information on recently developed methods for the analysis of severity scores and other ordered responses, as well as extensive power studies of competing tests and computer simulation studies of regression models that offer an understanding of the sensitivity (or lack thereof) of various methods and the quality of parameter estimates from regression models. The authors also discuss the regulatory process indicating how test guidelines are developed and review the statistical methodology in current or pending OECD and USEPA ecotoxicity guidelines. This important guide: Offers the information needed for the design and analysis to a wide array of ecotoxicity experiments and to the development of international test guidelines used to assess the toxicity of chemicals Contains a thorough examination of the statistical issues that arise in toxicity studies, especially ecotoxicity Includes an introduction to toxicity experiments and statistical analysis basics Includes programs in R and excel Covers the analysis of continuous and Quantal data, analysis of data as well as Regulatory Issues Presents additional topics (Mesocosm and Microplate experiments, mixtures of chemicals, benchmark dose models, and limit tests) as well as software Written for directors, scientists, regulators, and technicians, Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Studies provides a sound understanding of the technical and practical issues in designing, analyzing, and interpreting toxicity studies to support or challenge chemicals for use in the environment.
Volume 3: A Volume in the Interventional and Neuromodulatory Techniques for Pain Management Series; Expert Consult Premium Edition -- Enhanced Online Features
Volume 3: A Volume in the Interventional and Neuromodulatory Techniques for Pain Management Series; Expert Consult Premium Edition -- Enhanced Online Features
Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment of Discogenic Pain - a volume in the new Interventional and Neuromodulatory Techniques for Pain Management series - presents state-of-the-art guidance on the full range of discogenic pain relief techniques performed today. Leonardo Kapural, MD and Philip Kim, MD offer expert advice on a variety of procedures to manage and treat discogenic pain. Comprehensive, evidence-based coverage on selecting and performing these techniques - as well as weighing relative risks and complications - helps you ensure optimum outcomes. With online access to the fully searchable text and procedural videos at www.expertconsult.com, you'll have the detailed visual assistance you need right at your fingertips. - Understand the rationale and scientific evidence behind discogenic pain relief techniques and master their execution. - Optimize outcomes, reduce complications, and minimize risks by adhering to current, evidence-based practice guidelines for treating discogenic pain, when to recommend interventional procedures, how to perform them safely, and how to manage chronic back pain in the long term. - Apply the newest techniques in discography, radiofrequency and heat procedures, disc fusion, nucleus replacement, and interventions for disc herniation. - See how it's done through step-by-step procedural videos on Expert Consult . - Quickly find the information you need in a user-friendly format with strictly templated chapters supplemented with illustrative line drawings, images, and treatment algorithms. - Access the fully searchable contents and bonus full-length videos of lumbar discography, biacuplasty, and MILD procedures at expertconsult.com.
Praise for the First Edition "The obvious enthusiasm of Myers, Montgomery, and Vining and their reliance on their many examples as a major focus of their pedagogy make Generalized Linear Models a joy to read. Every statistician working in any area of applied science should buy it and experience the excitement of these new approaches to familiar activities." —Technometrics Generalized Linear Models: With Applications in Engineering and the Sciences, Second Edition continues to provide a clear introduction to the theoretical foundations and key applications of generalized linear models (GLMs). Maintaining the same nontechnical approach as its predecessor, this update has been thoroughly extended to include the latest developments, relevant computational approaches, and modern examples from the fields of engineering and physical sciences. This new edition maintains its accessible approach to the topic by reviewing the various types of problems that support the use of GLMs and providing an overview of the basic, related concepts such as multiple linear regression, nonlinear regression, least squares, and the maximum likelihood estimation procedure. Incorporating the latest developments, new features of this Second Edition include: A new chapter on random effects and designs for GLMs A thoroughly revised chapter on logistic and Poisson regression, now with additional results on goodness of fit testing, nominal and ordinal responses, and overdispersion A new emphasis on GLM design, with added sections on designs for regression models and optimal designs for nonlinear regression models Expanded discussion of weighted least squares, including examples that illustrate how to estimate the weights Illustrations of R code to perform GLM analysis The authors demonstrate the diverse applications of GLMs through numerous examples, from classical applications in the fields of biology and biopharmaceuticals to more modern examples related to engineering and quality assurance. The Second Edition has been designed to demonstrate the growing computational nature of GLMs, as SAS®, Minitab®, JMP®, and R software packages are used throughout the book to demonstrate fitting and analysis of generalized linear models, perform inference, and conduct diagnostic checking. Numerous figures and screen shots illustrating computer output are provided, and a related FTP site houses supplementary material, including computer commands and additional data sets. Generalized Linear Models, Second Edition is an excellent book for courses on regression analysis and regression modeling at the upper-undergraduate and graduate level. It also serves as a valuable reference for engineers, scientists, and statisticians who must understand and apply GLMs in their work.
This is a much-needed critical study of epistemological relativism in contemporary American philosophy, with special refence to the views of Alasdair MacIntyre, Hilary Putnam and Richard Rorty.
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