This is a social history of refugees escaping Hungary after the Bolshevik-type revolution of 1919, the ensuing counterrevolution, and the rise of anti-Semitism. Largely Jewish and German before World War I, the Hungarian middle class was torn by the disastrous war, the partitioning of Hungary in the Treaty of Trianon, and the numerus clausus act XXV in 1920 that seriously curtailed the number of Jews admitted to higher education. Hungary's outstanding future professionals, whether Jewish, Liberal or Socialist, felt compelled to leave the country and head to German-speaking universities in Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Germany. When Hitler came to power, these exiles were to flee again, many on the fringes of the huge German emigration. Emotionally prepared by their earlier threatening experiences in Hungary, they were quick to recognize the need to uproot themselves again. Many fled to the United States where their double exile catalyzed the USA into an active enemy of Nazi Germany and stimulated the transplantation of European modernism into American art and music. To their surprise, the refugees also encountered anti-Semitism in the USA. The book is based on extensive archival work in the USA and Germany.
This book does not only deal with the history, but also with the effects of the Reformation over the mentality, education and scientifical research among Hungarians during the last five centuries. The spirit of the Reformation has not only been a church-forming factor, but also a force of nation-building and salvation. This volume includes 17 studies of Hungarian Reformed theologians presented at a conference in November 2016. The main goal was to give an overview of the most recent research results in history and theology regarding Reformation and its effects over society and mentality among Hungarians. The contributors come from various Hungarian theological universities from the Carpathian basin, thus the book is an overview of their research topics and results. The City Cluj-Napoca was, became and remained an important center of the Reformation, as significant events took place in its surroundings as well. The Faculty of Reformed Theology of the Babeș-Bolyai University and the Protestant Theological Institute has always functioned in an environment, where the challenges of multi-confessionalism and multiethnicity are also present beside interdisciplinarity.
What is cheaper and more effective: guns or heroin? How does Detective Inspector Frank Ironman Bourke find out who set up the international robbery and heroin smuggling operation? And what is the role and motivation of the officers of the Russian and American consulates? * * * There is a series of unsolved jewellery robberies in Sydney. It ends when a well-known cat-burglar Rudy Valentik falls off a second storey balcony during a robbery. Before he dies, he confesses hes the burglar the police are looking for. His last words are, he gives the tips, he pays, but he doesnt name any names. Media attacks on the police stop for a while until newspaper magnate Crawford Forests house is burgled and jewels are taken away in circumstances similar to the previous robberies. Forests newspapers start a daily campaign against the inefficient police and personally against the minister and the commissioner. Commissioner Jack Warren orders the head of the Break and Enter squad, Patrick OMalley, his brother-in-law, to organise a task force. The commissioner orders OMalley to make Sydneys best detective, Inspector Frank Ironman Bourke head of the day-to-day work of the task force. OMalley tries to stop giving Bourke a leading role because there has been long standing animosity between Bourke and his boss, OMalley, Bourke having fought for years against the corrupt methods of OMalley and his cronies (stealing money, drugs and pornographic films found during house searches, etc.) The results of a widespread investigation are fed into a central computer and it points to a Double Bay jeweller, Maurice Rainier, whose secretary Joy Kearney travels to overseas fashion shows to model jewellery approximately two weeks after every robbery. All stolen jewels contain large gemstones and none of them are offered for sale in Australia. Bourke suspects that Rainier gets the goldsmith working for him to remove the precious stones and smuggle them out of the country. Commissioner Warren uses a ruse to blackmail Joy Kearneys occasional lover, Stewart Kendall, to follow Joy on her next overseas trip and orders Bourke to covertly follow the couple and act as a bodyguard for Kendall. Two weeks after the latest jewel robbery the three people fly to Bangkok separately where Kendall is to have a holiday with Joy. She is supposed to model imitation jewellery for customers who can order the chosen items to be made up for them in real gold and gemstones by the Rainier firm. In Bangkok everything happens in a flash: Thai gangsters attack Joy and steal her case with the gemstones set in gold coloured base metal. Joy visits the gang boss to ask for his help and while she is there Kendall and Huey a cooperative Thai detective steal back the case and get Joy out of the house. Next day Joy takes the case to Ralph Rainier, a jeweller cousin and partner in crime of the Sydney jeweller. She is paid in heroin which she takes to the Russian Embassy to exchange it for alexandrites, rare semi-precious stones, as she has been trusted to do on previous occasions. In front of the embassy, Lok Lie, a Thai gang boss man tries to grab the heroin-filled case from Joy in a motorcycle attack but the Russian guards prevent this and take Joy, the gangster and the heroin-filled case into the embassy. Kendall, Bourke and Huey fight the guards in vain to save Joy and the case but have to retreat when threatened with guns. On the basis of Bourkes report, the Sydney and Bangkok police make coordinated raids on the premises of the Rainier cousins in Sydney and Bangkok where they find dismantled stolen jewellery, large amounts of alexandrites and heroin. Maurice Rainiers goldsmith confesses to melting down stolen jeweller
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