Mastering a rich repertoire of motor behaviors, as humans and other animals do, is a surprising and still poorly understood outcome of evolution, development, and learning. Many degrees-of-freedom, non-linear dynamics, and sensory delays provide formidable challenges for controlling even simple actions. Modularity as a functional element, both structural and computational, of a control architecture might be the key organizational principle that the central nervous system employs for achieving versatility and adaptability in motor control. Recent investigations of muscle synergies, motor primitives, compositionality, basic action concepts, and related work in machine learning have contributed to advance, at different levels, our understanding of the modular architecture underlying rich motor behaviors. However, the existence and nature of the modules in the control architecture is far from settled. For instance, regularity and low-dimensionality in the motor output are often taken as an indication of modularity but could they simply be a byproduct of optimization and task constraints? Moreover, what are the relationships between modules at different levels, such as muscle synergies, kinematic invariants, and basic action concepts? One important reason for the new interest in understanding modularity in motor control from different viewpoints is the impressive development in cognitive robotics. In comparison to animals and humans, the motor skills of today’s best robots are limited and inflexible. However, robot technology is maturing to the point at which it can start approximating a reasonable spectrum of isolated perceptual, cognitive, and motor capabilities. These advances allow researchers to explore how these motor, sensory and cognitive functions might be integrated into meaningful architectures and to test their functional limits. Such systems provide a new test bed to explore different concepts of modularity and to address the interaction between motor and cognitive processes experimentally. Thus, the goal of this Research Topic is to review, compare, and debate theoretical and experimental investigations of the modular organization of the motor control system at different levels. By bringing together researchers seeking to understand the building blocks for coordinating many muscles, for planning endpoint and joint trajectories, and for representing motor and behavioral actions in memory we aim at promoting new interactions between often disconnected research areas and approaches and at providing a broad perspective on the idea of modularity in motor control. We welcome original research, methodological, theoretical, review, and perspective contributions from behavioral, system, and computational motor neuroscience research, cognitive psychology, and cognitive robotics.
This book expands upon the guiding principles at the heart of Math Recovery® instruction, exploring their connections with learning theory, practical application in the classroom and their wider links to agreed concepts of high-quality mathematics teaching. It provides a well-rounded overview of all major aspects of mathematics teaching including inquiry-based and constructivist approaches, planning and assessment, and strategies that offer children opportunities for reflection, satisfaction and increasing challenge. Particular focus is placed on equitable and inclusive practices in mathematics and how we can develop teaching that connects with the abilities, cultures, and lived experiences of all children. This is essential reading for all teachers familiar with the Math Recovery® approach and classroom mathematics teachers in elementary and primary schools everywhere seeking to enhance their own professional knowledge and understanding. Beth L. MacDonald is an associate professor in Early Childhood Mathematics Education in the School of Teaching and Learning at Illinois State University. Jonathan N. Thomas is an associate professor of mathematics education and the chairperson of the Department of STEM Education at the University of Kentucky.
Research Methods in Physical Activity, Eighth Edition, systematically guides students through the research process, introducing research methods, tools, and analysis techniques specifically for kinesiology and exercise science disciplines, including the subdisciplines of physical therapy, rehabilitation, and occupational therapy. The eighth edition continues its legacy with the authors’ trademark humor and is now enhanced with a new full-color layout. This reputable text provides step-by-step information for every aspect of the research process. Part I presents an overview of the research process, from preparing the research plan to understanding ethical issues in research and writing. Part II introduces statistical and measurement issues in research. Part III presents various approaches to research and methodology—including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods—while scholarly contributors offer advice for addressing sociohistorical, experimental, epidemiological, and philosophical research questions. Part IV details how to develop and organize research papers and presentations, and it includes guidance for describing results for publication in a scientific journal. Statistical tables and guides are available in the appendix. Joining longtime authors Jerry Thomas, EdD, and Stephen Silverman, EdD, are Philip Martin, PhD, and Jennifer Etnier, PhD, who bring fresh perspectives from the subdisciplines of biomechanics and sport and exercise psychology. Other enhancements to the eighth edition include the following: References have been updated throughout the text to present current research. Part II has undergone a major revision that makes statistical techniques more accessible. A new section on the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans and other public health initiatives demonstrates epidemiology research in action. The chapter on philosophical research contains new issues from our increasingly diverse world, challenging students to think deeply. The full-color layout fosters an engaging learning experience and offers an enhanced data presentation. Research Methods in Physical Activity, Eighth Edition, employs learning aids that make the technical aspects of the research process approachable and easy to understand. Photos, anecdotes, and humorous stories throughout the text highlight practical applications to keep students engaged. A running glossary and key points emphasize important content. Review questions and prompts invite students to assess and apply their knowledge. Research Methods in Physical Activity, Eighth Edition, instills in students the confidence to devise, collect, analyze, and present their research in a competent manner. It is an essential text for all emerging researchers in physical activity.
The creation of the Foreign Office under Adenauer tells us much about the possibilities and limits of professional diplomacy in the mid-twentieth century. It also demonstrates three themes central to the early history of the Federal Republic: the integration of the new state into the international community, the cooptation of German elites and traditions by the new political system, and the creation of government in a state under foreign occupation. In this important study, Thomas Maulucci argues that, despite an improvised start and a considerable continuity of practice and personnel with pre-1945 Germany, the changed international anddomestic situation proved decisive in creating a ministry that could help to implement new directions in German foreign policy. In addition, Maulucci explores the interactions between international, political, and social history, contributing to a literature that bridges the gap between the pre- and post-World War Two eras that characterized previous writing on German history. Based on extensive research in German, American, British, and French archives, Adenauer's Foreign Office is the only English-language book of its kind. The troubling question of personnel continuity in the German diplomatic service is of considerable importance today, especially because of the Foreign Office's previous attempts to portray its past in the best possible light. Of interest to scholars and students of German history and politics as well as non-specialists, this book provides new insights into post-war diplomacy, the sociology of German elites, and the problems involved in creating a new government after losing a major war.
Tour the monuments of the Monumental City. From its beginning as a small town on the banks of the Patapsco River in 1729, Baltimore has played a significant role in the development of the United States. To commemorate those persons or events that have contributed to the city and the nation's history, Baltimore was the first American city to build public monuments. Persons honored by these monuments have included artists, entertainers, athletes, civic leaders, government officials, military veterans, public servants, religious leaders, social reformers, and war heroes. Local historian Thomas Cotter discusses the history of each monument, its origin, notable designers, funding methods, dedication ceremony, and a description of the monument itself.
The Genealogy Annual is a comprehensive bibliography of the year's genealogies, handbooks, and source materials. It is divided into three main sections.p liFAMILY HISTORIES-/licites American and international single and multifamily genealogies, listed alphabetically by major surnames included in each book.p liGUIDES AND HANDBOOKS-/liincludes reference and how-to books for doing research on specific record groups or areas of the U.S. or the world.p liGENEALOGICAL SOURCES BY STATE-/liconsists of entries for genealogical data, organized alphabetically by state and then by city or county.p The Genealogy Annual, the core reference book of published local histories and genealogies, makes finding the latest information easy. Because the information is compiled annually, it is always up to date. No other book offers as many citations as The Genealogy Annual; all works are included. You can be assured that fees were not required to be listed.
As one of America's "public intellectuals," John Dewey was engaged in a lifelong struggle to understand the human mind and the nature of human inquiry. According to Thomas C. Dalton, the successful pursuit of this mission demanded that Dewey become more than just a philosopher; it compelled him to become thoroughly familiar with the theories and methods of physics, psychology, and neurosciences, as well as become engaged in educational and social reform. Tapping archival sources and Dewey's extensive correspondence, Dalton reveals that Dewey had close personal and intellectual ties to scientists and scholars who helped form the mature expression of his thought. Dewey's relationships with F. M. Alexander, Henri Matisse, Niels Bohr, Myrtle McGraw, and Lawrence K. Frank, among others, show how Dewey dispersed pragmatism throughout American thought and culture.
Though known as the Danish Golden Age, nineteenth-century Denmark was one of the most tumultuous periods in the nation's history—from the disastrous siege of Copenhagen and the collapse of Denmark's monarchy to the swelling tide of nationalism that eventually engulfed all of Europe. This volume places artists at the center of Denmark's dramatic cultural, political, and philosophical transformation by bringing together 90 drawings, paintings, and oil sketches by Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, Christen Købke, Constantin Hansen, Martinus Rørbye, Johan Thomas Lundbye, Vilhelm Hammershøi, and others. Five thematic essays by leading scholars in Denmark and the United States explore the way Danish artists manifested the pride, traditions, and anxieties of their nation; the sea's ever-changing role as a marker of Danish identity; the evolving nature of portraiture; nostalgia for the Danish landscape and folk traditions; and the influence on Danish artists of their travels throughout Europe.
This book consists of over 300 problems (and their solutions) in structural inorganic chemistry at the senior undergraduate and beginning graduate level. The topics covered comprise Atomic and Molecular Electronic States, Atomic Orbitals, Hybrid Orbitals, Molecular Symmetry, Molecular Geometry and Bonding, Crystal Field Theory, Molecular Orbital Theory, Vibrational Spectroscopy, and Crystal Structure. The central theme running through these topics is symmetry, molecular or crystalline. The problems collected in this volume originate in examination papers and take-home assignments that have been part of the teaching of the book's two senior authors' at The Chinese University of Hong Kong over the past four decades. The authors' courses include Chemical Bonding, Elementary Quantum Chemistry, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, X-Ray Crystallography, etc. The problems have been tested by generations of students taking these courses.
A groundbreaking and comprehensive order of battle for German ground troops in WWII, from the invasion of Poland to the final defeat in Berlin. An indispensable reference work for Second World War scholars and enthusiasts, German Ground Forces of World War II captures the continuously changing character of Nazi ground forces throughout the conflict. For the first time, readers can follow the career of every German division, corps, army, and army group as the German armed forces shifted units to and from theaters of war. Organized by sections including Theater Commands, Army Groups, Armies, and Corps Commands, it presents a detailed analysis of each corresponding order of battle for every German field formation above division. This innovative resource also describes the orders of battle of the myriad German and Axis satellite formations assigned to security commands throughout occupied Europe and the combat zones, as well as those attached to fortress commands and to the commanders of German occupation forces across Europe. An accompanying narrative describes the career of each field formation and includes the background and experience of many of their most famous commanding officers.
This book is the first study of the development of German opera in northern Germany from the first comic operas of Johann Adam Hiller at Leipzig in 1766 to the end of the century. Intellectually and historically, the period witnessed the flowering of the German stage and German letters. German opera was an inseparable part of the new aspirations of the German stage during the Enlightenment. Thomas Bauman stresses the vital role of the mixed repertories of German companies in effecting changes in the genre. North German opera began as a basically literary genre. It then changed dramatically in response to two major trends: first, the contact with the serious elements and styles of tragedy and secondly, the triumph on German stages of Italian, French, and Viennese comic operas. The book is generously illustrated with music examples. There is also a complete catalogue of texts of North German opera: those composed for performance and unset published librettos both cross-indexed under the librettists' names.
Comparative Tort Law promotes a ‘learning by doing’ approach to comparative tort law and comparative methodology. Each chapter starts with a case scenario followed by questions and expertly selected material, such as: legislation, extracts of case law, soft law principles, and (where appropriate) extracts of legal doctrine. Using this material, students are invited to: • solve the proposed scenario according to the laws of several jurisdictions; • compare the approaches and solutions they have identified; • evaluate their respective pros and cons; and • reflect upon the most appropriate approach and solution. This book is essential reading for all students and scholars of comparative tort law and comparative law methodology and is the ideal companion for those wishing to both familiarise themselves with real-world materials and understand the many diverse approaches to modern tort law.
Spies, Supplies and Moonlit Skies, Volume II: The French Connection, April-June 1944: Code Name Neptune During the critical period of World War II leading up to D-Day the United States Army Air Forces activated the first Air Special Operations Group for clandestine activity against the Nazi enemy in Occupied Europe. While the daylight Bombardment and Fighter Groups of the Army Air Forces cleared the skies of Nazi planes in a brutal war of attrition before the invasion, the 801st Bombardment Group, on night operations from their secret base near Harrington in the United Kingdom dropped supplies and agents to the Resistance forces of Europe in preparation for D-Day on the beaches of Normandy on 6 June 1944. This is their story. A brief comment from a well-known author of 8th Air Force History, received on 17/02/2005 via email: Dear Thomas Ensminger, Yesterday I was surprised and delighted to receive the copy of your Volume II. What an amazingly comprehensive work this is, and it obviously took a great effort and much time to produce. It certainly is THE reference for Carpetbagger activities and finds a welcome place on my library shelves. Congratulations to you and your team for this superb contribution to the history of the Second World War and the sterling work of the Carpetbaggers. Sincere thanks, Roger A. Freeman 8th Air Force Historian
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