Cryogenics, a term commonly used to refer to very low temperatures, had its beginning in the latter half of the last century when man learned, for the first time, how to cool objects to a temperature lower than had ever existed na tu rally on the face of the earth. The air we breathe was first liquefied in 1883 by a Polish scientist named Olszewski. Ten years later he and a British scientist, Sir James Dewar, liquefied hydrogen. Helium, the last of the so-caBed permanent gases, was finally liquefied by the Dutch physicist Kamerlingh Onnes in 1908. Thus, by the beginning of the twentieth century the door had been opened to astrange new world of experimentation in which aB substances, except liquid helium, are solids and where the absolute temperature is only a few microdegrees away. However, the point on the temperature scale at which refrigeration in the ordinary sense of the term ends and cryogenics begins has ne ver been weB defined. Most workers in the field have chosen to restrict cryogenics to a tem perature range below -150°C (123 K). This is a reasonable dividing line since the normal boiling points of the more permanent gases, such as helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, and air, lie below this temperature, while the more common refrigerants have boiling points that are above this temperature. Cryogenic engineering is concerned with the design and development of low-temperature systems and components.
This fascinating and research-led textbook gives students the facts and the tools they need to engage critically with the psychological dimension of the criminal justice system. Accessibly written and packed with the latest psychological research, Forensic Psychology: Fact and Fiction is an engaging and wide-ranging exploration of both foundational and contemporary issues. The book prepares students to weigh up evidence and arguments, and reach their own conclusions about the issues and questions that have led them to study forensic psychology. Forensic Psychology: Fact and Fiction gives students all they need to get to grips with debates about the link between mental fitness and criminal responsibility, the purposes and effectiveness of punishment, and the use of police force, and others. It places psychology at its heart, combining research with legal perspectives to give the full picture. Drawing on global research and examples, students are given insights into what differs and what remains the same across jurisdictions and borders. Real-life case studies illustrate forensic concepts, allowing students to see how psychology is applied to criminal behaviour and the response of society to it. This comprehensive introduction is ideal for undergraduate students taking a course in forensic psychology. Balancing clarity and rigor, the book takes the student on a journey from the fundamental concepts through to the application of psychology to forensic techniques.
This is the third edition of a highly successful textbook that in many areas has become the preferred book of vitreoretinal surgery. It provides a complete guide to all common vitreoretinal surgical procedures and also covers diagnosis and other aspects of management. The book is designed to allow a trainee or professional vitreoretinal surgeon to determine the best methodology in individual cases. In order to acquaint the reader with different opinions, “surgical pearls” have been contributed by other international experts in vitreoretinal surgery. These have been welcomed in the past as an illustration of alternative methods, without detracting from the overall method described by the main author. Vitreoretinal Surgery, 3rd Edition will continue to prove particularly popular amongst trainees, but will also be of value to practicing professionals who need help in the management of difficult and rare cases.
International Intellectual Property in an Integrated World Economy, Fifth Edition provides a comprehensive analysis of the international intellectual property system across the spectrum of intellectual property (IP) rights and interests. It introduces the institutional architecture at the multilateral, regional/plurilateral, bilateral, and national levels. For each form of IP, it addresses the legal rules and illustrative jurisprudence with a focus on major jurisdictions, as well as economic and social welfare implications. It also considers the continuously growing importance of IP in a constantly changing technological environment, currently reflected in the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and its deployment in creative and inventive activities. Each of the authors has played a role in the development and implementation of the international rules, and they bring their experience to bear in introducing students to the field. New to the Fifth Edition: New co-authors: Ryan B. Abbott, Mira Burri, Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan, and Maegan McCann, who bring additional expertise to the book The latest developments in bilateral and regional agreements regulating intellectual property, including implementation of the EU Unitary Patent and Unified Patent Court system and the EU intermediaries’ liability regime for copyright infringement Important new judicial decisions, including the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in Google v. Oracle and Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith, as well as decisions from EU and U.S. courts addressing identifiers for food products (Emmental and Gruyere cheeses) Developments in AI in the context of content-creation, inventions, IP-registration and enforcement, as well as support or substitute for human decision-making The expanding discourse on trade secret protection and its importance for international technology transfer The phenomenon of the anti-suit injunction in international patent litigation Benefits for instructors and students: An approach to the international IP system that situates the rules within the broader context of international law and the public policy objectives that governments, industry, and interest groups are seeking to achieve Case law from international dispute settlement bodies, as well as from national and regional courts and administrative authorities Discussion of patent, trademark, copyright, design, trade secret, and geographical indication protection, as well as plant variety protection, the protection of genetic resources and traditional knowledge, and the role of open source and open innovation systems An explanation of the European Union Unitary Patent system Exploration of the increasingly important role of emerging market IP systems Materials to help students understand the disputes between the United States and China involving IP, investment, and transfer of technology Identification of important trends in the enforcement of IP
This book presents novel symbolic control and data flow techniques as well as symbolic techniques and algorithms for program analysis and program optimization. Program contexts, defining a new symbolic description of program semantics for control and data flow analysis, are at the center of the techniques and methods introduced. The authors develop solutions for a number of problems encountered in program analysis by using program contexts. The solutions proposed are efficient, versatile, unified, and more general than most existing methods. The authors' symbolic analysis framework is implemented as a prototype as part of the Vienna High Performance Compiler.
Mammals of Africa (MoA) is a series of six volumes which describes, in detail, every currently recognized species of African land mammal. This is the first time that such extensive coverage has ever been attempted, and the volumes incorporate the very latest information and detailed discussion of the morphology, distribution, biology and evolution (including reference to fossil and molecular data) of Africa's mammals. With 1,160 species and 16 orders, Africa has the greatest diversity and abundance of mammals in the world. The reasons for this and the mechanisms behind their evolution are given special attention in the series. Each volume follows the same format, with detailed profiles of every species and higher taxa. The series includes some 660 colour illustrations by Jonathan Kingdon and his many drawings highlight details of morphology and behaviour of the species concerned. Diagrams, schematic details and line drawings of skulls and jaws are by Jonathan Kingdon and Meredith Happold. Every species also includes a detailed distribution map. Extensive references alert readers to more detailed information. Volume I: Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria (352 pages) Volume II: Primates (560 pages) Volume III: Rodents, Hares and Rabbits (784 pages) Volume IV: Hedgehogs, Shrews and Bats (800 pages) Volume V: Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses (560 pages) Volume VI: Pigs, Hippopotamuses, Chevrotain, Giraffes, Deer and Bovids (704 pages)
A timely and definitive intellectual map of a key emerging discipline, the SAGE Handbook of Corporate Governance critically overviews the key themes, theoretical controversies, current research and emerging concepts that frame the field. Consisting of original substantive chapters by leading international scholars, and examining corporate governance from an inter-disciplinary basis, the text highlights how critical governance issues are to the formation, growth, financing, structural development, and strategic direction of companies and how corporate governance institutions in turn influence the innovation and development of industrial and economic systems globally. Comprehensive, authoritative and presented in a highly accessible framework, the Handbook is a significant resource to those with an interest in understanding this important emerging field.
Drawing both upon a case study of a plant closing in Wisconsin and the results of national labor force surveys, this book examines productivity slowdown, increased disparity in earnings and income, and higher average unemployment that have resulted from employment instability. It also assesses ways in which incidences of displacement and earnings loss have begun to affect groups long sheltered from labor market turbulence.
The field's definitive work from a Nobel Prize-winning author 900 full-color illustrations Principles of Neural Science, 5e describes our current understanding of how the nerves, brain, and mind function. From molecules to anatomic structures and systems to cognitive function, this comprehensive reference covers all aspects of neuroscience. Widely regarded as the field’s cornerstone reference, the fifth edition is highlighted by more than 900 full-color illustrations. The fifth edition has been completely updated to reflect the tremendous amount of new research and development in neuroscience in the last decade. Lead author Eric Kandel was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000.
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