This book demonstrates a new way to analyze and negotiate conflict resolution. It provides a framework in which conflicting parties can participate partly, fully, or not at all. Unlike the traditional quantitative approach, this new approach deals with tangible and intangible factors including political skill, diplomacy, threats, and concessions. Intangible factors are measured and traded off against tangible ones. A thorough discussion of the Analytic Hierarchy Process is followed by its application to a series of current world conflicts including Northern Ireland, South Africa, and the Middle East. Retributive conflicts are then given special attention. Cases include the Canadian/U.S. free-trade negotiations.
Analytical Planning: The Organization of Systems deals with systems and planning and suggests a methodological tool for integrating the two. This book presents the basic ideas behind complexity, systems, hierarchies, and prioritization and describes planning as a unique form of decision making with illustrations of some prominent philosophical and methodological approaches. It highlights some shortcomings of traditional approaches to planning and shows how these can be addressed by the systems approach. This monograph consists of seven chapters and opens with a discussion on the nature of complexity and describes an approach that facilitates the use of creativity and experience to structure complex problems. The next chapter explains the rationale for systems thinking and how reductionism works. The Analytic Hierarchy Process is then considered, along with its relationship to some of the properties of systems. The remaining chapters focus on ways of thinking about planning and philosophies of planning; strategic planning; and the applicability of the Analytic Hierarchy Process to benefit-cost analysis and resource allocation. This book is intended for managers, decision makers, and planners, as well as researchers and practitioners in applied mathematics and computer science.
The Analytic Network Process (ANP), developed by Thomas Saaty in his work on multicriteria decision making, applies network structures with dependence and feedback to complex decision making. This new edition of Decision Making with the Analytic Network Process is a selection of the latest applications of ANP to economic, social and political decisions, and also to technological design. The ANP is a methodological tool that is helpful to organize knowledge and thinking, elicit judgments registered in both in memory and in feelings, quantify the judgments and derive priorities from them, and finally synthesize these diverse priorities into a single mathematically and logically justifiable overall outcome. In the process of deriving this outcome, the ANP also allows for the representation and synthesis of diverse opinions in the midst of discussion and debate. The book focuses on the application of the ANP in three different areas: economics, the social sciences and the linking of measurement with human values. Economists can use the ANP for an alternate approach for dealing with economic problems than the usual mathematical models on which economics bases its quantitative thinking. For psychologists, sociologists and political scientists, the ANP offers the methodology they have sought for some time to quantify and derive measurements for intangibles. Finally the book applies the ANP to provide people in the physical and engineering sciences with a quantitative method to link hard measurement to human values. In such a process, one is able to interpret the true meaning of measurements made on a uniform scale using a unit.
Models, Methods, Concepts and Applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process is a volume dedicated to selected applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) focused on three themes: economics, the social sciences, and the linking of measurement with human values. (1) The AHP offers economists a substantially different approach to dealing with economic problems through ratio scales. The main mathematical models on which economics has based its quantitative thinking up to now are utility theory, which uses interval scales, and linear programming. We hope that the variety of examples included here can perhaps stimulate researchers in economics to try applying this new approach. (2) The second theme is concerned with the social sciences. The AHP offers psychologists and political scientists the methodology to quantify and derive measurements for intangibles. We hope that the examples included in this book will encourage them to examine the methods of AHP in terms of the problems they seek to solve. (3) The third theme is concerned with providing people in the physical and engineering sciences with a quantitative method to link hard measurement to human values. In such a process one needs to interpret what the measurements mean. A number is useless until someone understands what it means. It can have different meanings in different problems. Ten dollars are plenty to satisfy one's hunger but are useless by themselves in buying a new car. Such measurements are only indicators of the state of a system, but do not relate to the values of the human observers of that system. AHP methods can help resolve the conflicts between hard measurement data and human values.
This is a rich and exciting collection of examples and applications in mathematical modelling. There is broad variety, balance and highly motivating material and most of this assumes minimal mathematical training.
We are surrounded and deeply involved, in the natural world, with non- linear events which are not necessarily mathematical," the authors write. "For example . . . the nonlinear problem of pedalling a bicycle up and down a hillside. On a grand scale . . . the struggle for existence between two species, one of which preys exclusively on the other." This book is' for mathematicians and researchers who believe that "nonlinear mathematics is' the mathematics of today"; it is also for economists, engineers, operations analysts, "the reader who has been thus bemused into an artificially linear conception of the universe." Nonlinear Mathematics is the first attempt to consider the widest range of nonlinear topics found in the -scattered literature. Accessible to non- mathematics professionals as well as college seniors and graduates, it offers a discussion both particular and broad enough to stimulate research towards a unifying theory of nonlinear mathematics. Ideas are presented "according to existence and uniqueness theorems, characterization (e.g., stability and asymptotic behavior), construction of solutions, convergence, approximation and errors.
Nonlinear equations have existed for hundreds of years; their systematic study, however, is a relatively recent phenomenon. This volume, together with its companion', Nonlinear Matliematics Vol. I, provides exceptionally comprehensive coverage of this recently formed area of study. It encompasses both older and more recent developments in the field of equations, with particular emphasis on nonlinear equations because, as Professor Saaty maintains, "that is what is needed today." Together the two volumes cover all the major types of classical equations (except partial differential equations, which require a separate volume). This volume includes material on seven types: operator equations, functional equations, difference equations, delay-differential equations, integral equations, integro-differential equations and stochastic differential equations. Special emphasis is placed on linear and nonlinear equations in function spaces and On general methods of solving different types of such equations. Above all, this book is practical. It reviews the variety of existing types of equations and provides methods for their solution. It is meant to help the reader acquire new methods for formulating problems. Its clear organization and copious references make it suitable for graduate students as well as scientists, technologists and mathematicians.
This text, the first of its kind, surveys the entire field of optimization in integers. It is designed for students of mathematics, engineering, science, social science, and operations research. It will stimulate and excite the reader's interest in the elementary methods and ideas. of discrete optimization and related problems. The text presents the current theories and a wide variety of examples and applications of optimization in integers in both geometric end algebraic settings. Coverage is given to a wide class of problems and the ways in which they may be handled. The text includes numerous exercises and illustrations.
This work confirms what many contemporary thinkers have claimed: that all human actions, sensations, thoughts and even emotions are derived from the synthesis of neural firings in the brain. This book offers the mathematics to describe how this happens and the nature of their interaction, feedback and synthesis. As an acknowledgement of his expertise, in 2017, the last year of his life, the highly acclaimed Neural Networks journal published two of his papers on the subject and the European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics published the article “Origin of neural firing and synthesis in making comparisons” co-authored with Dr Luis Vargas. The purpose of this book is to construct a scientific framework of the process by which the brain responds to stimuli and integrates sensory data and, further, how it synthesizes perceptions, memories, inputs from the muscles and nervous systems of the body and ideas. Because the brain puts pieces of information together in stages.
Volume 1 has a very comprehensive chapter that describes the Analytic Network Process and a step by step description on how to design and implement a Benefits - Opportunities - Costs and Risks model. The Encyclicon is an advanced dictionary of structures used to represent complex decisions. The first dictionary of hierarchic decision making was the Hierarchon. Since hierarchies are a special case of networks, the examples given here can be regarded as more general and complete representation of decision making. In particular, except for a group of market share examples, they all involve decisions made by considering Benefits (B), Opportunities (O), Costs (C) and Risks (R). They also involve a synthesis of these BOCR merits into a single overall best outcome for a decision. This is the first volume of the series of Encyclicon books. Each of the books contains different models from different years, collected by a different author along with Thomas L. Saaty and although all books tackle similar topics there are different models and different approaches on how to summarize and represent models for general use. These books are meant as a reference guide when you try to set up ANP or AHP complex decision models. The case studies in the books are linked to online reference material related to that which often include the super decision model, power point presentation and the original report of the case.
The first graduate-level text devoted to the subject, this classic offers a concise history and overview of methods as well as an excellent exposition of the mathematical foundations underlying classical operations research procedures. It begins with a review of historical, scientific, and mathematical aspects; examples and ideas related to classical methods of forming models introduce discussions of optimization, game theory, applications of probability, and queuing theory. Carefully selected exercises illustrate important and useful ideas. This text is an ideal introduction for students to the basic mathematics of operations research as well as a valuable source of references to early literature on operations research. 1959 edition.
Volume 3 gives many examples of personal decisions formulated as complex decision models. There are many other kinds of models ranging from Strategy to Investment. The Encyclicon is an advanced dictionary of structures used to represent complex decisions. The first dictionary of hierarchic decision making was the Hierarchon. Since hierarchies are a special case of networks, the examples given here can be regarded as more general and complete representation of decision making. In particular, except for a group of market share examples, they all involve decisions made by considering Benefits (B), Opportunities (O), Costs (C) and Risks (R). They also involve a synthesis of these BOCR merits into a single overall best outcome for a decision. This is the first volume of the series of Encyclicon books. Each of the books contains different models from different years, collected by a different author along with Thomas L. Saaty and although all books tackle similar topics there are different models and different approaches on how to summarize and represent models for general use. These books are meant as a reference guide when you try to set up ANP or AHP complex decision models. The case studies in the books are linked to online reference material related to that which often include the super decision model, power point presentation and the original report of the case.
Covers major types of classical equations: operator, functional, difference, integro-differential, and more. Suitable for graduate students as well as scientists, technologists, and mathematicians. "A welcome contribution." — Math Reviews. 1964 edition.
This book presents an interdisciplinary approach to conflict solution focusing on a very specific type of conflict, retributive conflicts . It is unique in the treatment of these and how relative measurement is used to find equilibrium solutions. The authors present an alternative process to address the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. They do so in two ways that are different from past efforts. The first is by formally structuring the conflict and the second is the manner in which discussions were conducted and conclusions drawn. The approach will help create a solution and provide negotiators with a unique pathway to consider the thorny issues and corresponding concessions underlying the deliberations, together with their implementation. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) provides a way to conflict solution with the participation of negotiators for the parties. It is a positive approach that makes it possible to reason and express feelings and judgments with numerical intensities to derive priorities. With the assistance of panels of Israeli participants and Palestinian participants brought together in 2006 to 2017, AHP was applied for the first time in a group setting to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The process makes it clear that moderation in different degrees by both sides is essential to arrive at acceptable agreements on concessions proposed and agreed upon by both sides.
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its generalization to dependence and feedback, the Analytic Network Process (ANP), are methods of relative measurement of tangibles and intangibles. Being able to derive such measurements is essential for making good decisions. This book is based on the Analytic Network Process and lays out a new approach for making decisions in light of their benefits, opportunities, costs and risks (BOCR) shows how to include the strategic criteria of the decision-maker that must be satisfied regardless of the particular decision being undertaken. This book includes all the important background material from the earlier book, The Analytic Network Process: Decision Making with Dependence and Feedback, published in 2001, and goes farther with new examples of estimating market share of companies based on the intangibles of customer perception, and new applications involving Benefits, Opportunities, Costs and Risks.
This book presents applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process developed by Thomas L. Saaty to deal with unstructured decision problems, together with case histories developed by him and in collaboration with others in areas of current societal concern. Its purpose is to provide the reader with examples of how to deal with unstructured problems, particularly ones involving socio economic and political issues with qualitative and intangible factors. These examples show how to use judgment and experience to analyze a com plex decision problem by combining its qualitative and quantitative aspects in a single framework and generating a set of priorities for alternative courses of action. The process has inherent flexibilities in structuring a problem and in taking diverse judgments from people, whether singly, in a group working together, or by questionnaire. Decisionmakers will profit from this approach. It makes accessible to them a framework for understanding the complexity of the system they are in as it impinges on the surrounding environment. To deal with complexity, we must first understand it. Systems thinking is necessary if all the important factors are to be considered. Complex systems problems can challenge and tax our logical capability to fully understand their causes and the consequences of any action we may take to solve them. Neverthe less, in time their effects on us tend to become better known than their causes.
Volume 4 has a very large number of more recent case studies and takes a closer look to the building process of the Benefits - Opportunities-Costs and Risks models using AHP top level networks, rating of the B,O, C, R with the help of the strategic criteria and ANP bottom level networks. The Encyclicon is an advanced dictionary of structures used to represent complex decisions. The first dictionary of hierarchic decision making was the Hierarchon. Since hierarchies are a special case of networks, the examples given here can be regarded as more general and complete representation of decision making. In particular, except for a group of market share examples, they all involve decisions made by considering Benefits (B), Opportunities (O), Costs (C) and Risks (R). They also involve a synthesis of these BOCR merits into a single overall best outcome for a decision. This is the first volume of the series of Encyclicon books. Each of the books contains different models from different years, collected by a different author along with Thomas L. Saaty and although all books tackle similar topics there are different models and different approaches on how to summarize and represent models for general use. These books are meant as a reference guide when you try to set up ANP or AHP complex decision models. The case studies in the books are linked to online reference material related to that which often include the super decision model, power point presentation and the original report of the case.
Volume 2 has a very detailed description of the strategic criteria used to rate the importance of the sub networks of Benefits - Opportunities - Costs and Risks (BOCR) The Encyclicon is an advanced dictionary of structures used to represent complex decisions. The first dictionary of hierarchic decision making was the Hierarchon. Since hierarchies are a special case of networks, the examples given here can be regarded as more general and complete representation of decision making. In particular, except for a group of market share examples, they all involve decisions made by considering Benefits (B), Opportunities (O), Costs (C) and Risks (R). They also involve a synthesis of these BOCR merits into a single overall best outcome for a decision. This is the first volume of the series of Encyclicon books. Each of the books contains different models from different years, collected by a different author along with Thomas L. Saaty and although all books tackle similar topics there are different models and different approaches on how to summarize and represent models for general use. These books are meant as a reference guide when you try to set up ANP or AHP complex decision models. The case studies in the books are linked to online reference material related to that which often include the super decision model, power point presentation and the original report of the case.
Researchers have been continually developing ways and means to improve quality in decision making. The success of a methodology is judged by its acceptability by the decision makers. In this context, it is beyond any argument that AHP has been massively successful. Readers of this volume will see, once again, that AHP has been applied in widely diverse areas. However, there are many more applications of AHP in other areas that are not reported here. We also don’t claim that the set of applications of AHP in the reported areas is exhaustive; it is far from complete. In fact, it will not be possible to capture all the real-world applications of AHP even by publishing many volumes of this kind. We hope that the readers will find the present compilation useful.
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