In this chapter we review the process of parametric down-conversion (PDC) and discuss the different methods to use PDC as a heralded single-photon source. PDC is a non-linear optical process, where an incoming pump photon decays, under energy and momentum conservation, into a photon-pair. The creation of photons in pairs allows for the implementation of a single-photon source by detecting one photon (trigger) to herald the presence of its partner (signal). The engineering possibilities of PDC enable the generation of single-photons with high rates in a wide range of frequencies. This chapter is structured as follows: Section 11.2 describes the principles of PDC in non-linear media. We derive the quantum state of the generated photon-pairs, investigate the spectral purity and photon-number purity of the heralded signal photon and discuss the achievable single-photon generation rates. In section 11.3 we turn towards experimental realizations and introduce bulk crystal PDC. Section 11.4 elaborates on the use of periodic poling to engineer the PDC process. Finally, section 11.5 gives an overview over PDC in waveguides. A comparison of experimental data from various heralded singe-photon sources based on PDC is presented in section 11.6 with an overview of nonlinear materials suited for PDC given in section 11.7.
Fictional Presidential Films Hollywood’s manner of making films, its conventions, applies especially to fictional presidential films, allowing filmmakers to express their ideas that could not be done in traditional historical films. Fictional Presidential Films offers a complete filmography of these two-hundred-plus films decade by decade since 1930. The main body of the work provides a brief summary of each decade along with a summary on the overall nature of films in which a fictional President appeared. Each relevant film is then discussed with credits, plot summary, description of the presidential appearance, and, when possible, an assessment of the presidential portrayal included.
Whether used for thematic story times, program and curriculum planning, readers' advisory, or collection development, this updated edition of the well-known companion makes finding the right picture books for your library a breeze. Generations of savvy librarians and educators have relied on this detailed subject guide to children's picture books for all aspects of children's services, and this new edition does not disappoint. Covering more than 18,000 books published through 2017, it empowers users to identify current and classic titles on topics ranging from apples to zebras. Organized simply, with a subject guide that categorizes subjects by theme and topic and subject headings arranged alphabetically, this reference applies more than 1,200 intuitive (as opposed to formal catalog) subject terms to children's picture books, making it both a comprehensive and user-friendly resource that is accessible to parents and teachers as well as librarians. It can be used to identify titles to fill in gaps in library collections, to find books on particular topics for young readers, to help teachers locate titles to support lessons, or to design thematic programs and story times. Title and illustrator indexes, in addition to a bibliographic guide arranged alphabetically by author name, further extend access to titles.
What has happened to the news? Over the past decade, there has been a major shift in newspaper coverage. Many newspaper executives, paring costs and badly misreading public appetites, have cut back dramatically on all types of public-affairs reporting. Fewer reporters than ever are assigned to the statehouse or the White House, to city hall or foreign capitals. Too often celebrity gossip and movie tips take the place of serious journalism instead of existing alongside it. Newspapers once operated under a mandate to provide the kinds of news that citizens need to function in a democratic society, but many corporations have changed that mandate. For more than two years, legendary editor Gene Roberts led a group of journalists in an unprecedented study of the newspaper industry for the American Journalism Review. This is the second volume of their findings. The first, Leaving Readers Behind: The Age of Corporate Newspapering, documented the storm of buying, selling, and consolidation that is transforming the American press. This second volume explores the consequences of these changes for ordinary communities and for the nation, arguing that they place democracy itself in peril. Contributors include Peter Arnett, Mary Walton, Charles Layton, John Herbers, James McCartney, Carl Sessions Stepp, Lewis M. Simons, Chip Brown and Winnie Hu.
Biological cybernetics includes experimental, theoretical and application-oriented aspects of information processing in organisms, including sensory, motor, cognitive, and ecological phenomena. Topics covered include: experimental studies of biological systems including quantitative modelling; computational, technical, or theoretical studies with relevance for understanding biological information processing; and artificial implementation of biological information processing and self-organising principles. This book presents important research from around the world in this field.
A self-contained introduction to the basic theoretical concepts, experimental techniques and recent advances in the fields of quantum communication, quantum information and quantum computation. The introductory and self-contained character of the contributions should make this book particularly attractive to students and active researchers in physics and computer science who want to become acquainted with the underlying basic ideas and recent advances in the rapidly evolving field of quantum information processing.
This wide-ranging book introduces information as a key concept not only in physics, from quantum mechanics to thermodynamics, but also in the neighboring sciences and in the humanities. The central part analyzes dynamical processes as manifestations of information flows between microscopic and macroscopic scales and between systems and their environment. Quantum mechanics is interpreted as a reconstruction of mechanics based on fundamental limitations of information processing on the smallest scales. These become particularly manifest in quantum chaos and in quantum computing. Covering subjects such as causality, prediction, undecidability, chaos, and quantum randomness, the book also provides an information-theoretical view of predictability. More than 180 illustrations visualize the concepts and arguments. The book takes inspiration from the author's graduate-level topical lecture but is also well suited for undergraduate studies and is a valuable resource for researchers and professionals.
In this expansive history of South Carolina's commemoration of the Civil War era, Thomas J. Brown uses the lens of place to examine the ways that landmarks of Confederate memory have helped white southerners negotiate their shifting political, social, and economic positions. By looking at prominent sites such as Fort Sumter, Charleston's Magnolia Cemetery, and the South Carolina statehouse, Brown reveals a dynamic pattern of contestation and change. He highlights transformations of gender norms and establishes a fresh perspective on race in Civil War remembrance by emphasizing the fluidity of racial identity within the politics of white supremacy. Despite the conservative ideology that connects these sites, Brown argues that the Confederate canon of memory has adapted to address varied challenges of modernity from the war's end to the present, when enthusiasts turn to fantasy to renew a faded myth while children of the civil rights era look for a usable Confederate past. In surveying a rich, controversial, and sometimes even comical cultural landscape, Brown illuminates the workings of collective memory sustained by engagement with the particularity of place.
In Washington, D.C., a city steeped in history--from museums and monuments to statues and stations--there are perhaps no structures as prominent as the working symbols of the United States' three-branch government: the White House, the Capitol, and the Supreme Court. Embodying our nation's complex and, at times, tumultuous history, these buildings also house invaluable pieces of our American past. A visit to these national treasures provides a lesson in both the people and events that have shaped this country. Representing the heart, soul, and strength of American independence, the White House, the Capitol, and the Supreme Court tell a fascinating true story--one that includes presidents, vice presidents, senators, justices, and political visionaries. Touring the buildings, visitors see such familiar faces as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Luther King Jr., and Susan B. Anthony, as well as learn about lesser-known figures such as Chippewa warrior Beeshekee, Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite, and Vice Presidents Daniel Tompkins and William R. King. The paintings and portraits that adorn the walls, the statues in every corner, and the rooms themselves provide commentary on the political life of a developing nation.
Reinforced concrete structures are subjected to a complex variety of stresses and strains. The four basic actions are bending, axial load, shear, and torsion. Presently, there is no single comprehensive theory for reinforced concrete structural behavior that addresses all of these basic actions and their interactions. Furthermore, there is little consistency among countries around the world in their building codes, especially in the specifications for shear and torsion. Unified Theory of Reinforced Concrete addresses this serious problem by integrating available information with new research data, developing one unified theory of reinforced concrete behavior that embraces and accounts for all four basic actions and their combinations. The theory is presented in a systematic manner, elucidating its five component models from a pedagogical and historical perspective while emphasizing the fundamental principles of equilibrium, compatibility, and the constitutive laws of materials. The significance of relationships between models and their intrinsic consistencies are emphasized. This theory can serve as the foundation on which to build a universal design code that can be adopted internationally. In addition to frames, the book explains the fundamental concept of the design of wall-type and shell-type structures. Unified Theory of Reinforced Concrete will be an important reference for all engineers involved in the design of concrete structures. The book can also serve well as a text for a graduate course in structural engineering.
Be prepared with the bestselling guide to the laws that govern construction Knowledge of construction law and employment law is essential to running a successful construction business. This Fourth Edition of the bestselling Smith, Currie & Hancock's Common Sense Construction Law provides a practical introduction to the significant legal topics and questions affecting construction industry professionals. Like its popular previous editions, this Fourth Edition translates the sometimes-confusing theories, principles, and established rules that regulate the business into clear, lay-person's English. This new edition updates the comprehensive scope of its predecessors with: Coverage of the newly issued and recently revised industry-standard contract documents produced by the AIA, ConsensusDOCS, and EJCDC for 2007/2008 A CD featuring sample contracts and documents from AIA, ConsensusDOCS, and EJCDC that familiarizes readers with these important documents, and aids in understanding document citations in the book Improved pedagogical tools and instructor support material for use in the classroom The most up-to-date and thorough guide to a sometimes intimidating but critical aspect of the practice of construction, Smith, Currie & Hancock's Common Sense Construction Law, Fourth Edition gives industry professionals the knowledge they need to avoid legal surprises and gain a competitive advantage.
This book develops a rigorous theory of indeterminism as a local and modal concept. Its crucial insight is that our world contains events or processes with alternative, really possible outcomes. The theory aims at clarifying what this assumption involves, and it does it in two ways. First, it provides a mathematically rigorous framework for local and modal indeterminism. Second, we support that theory by spelling out the philosophically relevant consequences of this formulation and by showing its fruitful applications in metaphysics. To this end, we offer a formal analysis of modal correlations and of causation, which is applicable in indeterministic and non-local contexts as well. We also propose a rigorous theory of objective single-case probabilities, intended to represent degrees of possibility. In a third step, we link our theory to current physics, investigating how local and modal indeterminism relates to issues in the foundations of physics, in particular, quantum non-locality and spatio-temporal relativity. The book also ventures into the philosophy of time, showing how the theory's resources can be used to explicate the dynamic concept of the past, present, and future based on local indeterminism"--
Technological evolution represents a potential threat for incumbent businesses while offering opportunities for potential new entrants to surf the wave of change to break-in. Technology Strategies - Turning technological change into competitive advantage addresses the challenge of reaping the benefits of technological innovation, providing firms with sound concepts, frameworks, tools, and methods to develop technology strategies proactively to carve a viable path for their future. The book recaps fifty years of research findings reported in academic literature, sieving through the many bits and pieces of what has been learnt and reorganizing them into an integrated framework. The book also contains a part dedicated to the practical implications of the overall framework presented. The book delves into technological change and its strategic consequences, revisits technological substitutions beyond the classic though potentially misleading S-curve representation, and suggests buying insurance against technological uncertainty, using the concept of organizational competence and capabilities underlying technologies. Technology Strategies is an excellent resource to help top-tier management craft an overarching technology strategy for the future success of their organization.
This text treats electronic transport in the regime where conventional textbook models are no longer applicable, including the effect of electronic phase coherence, energy quantization and single-electron charging. This second edition is completely updated and expanded, and now comprises new chapters on spin electronics and quantum information processing, transport in inhomogeneous magnetic fields, organic/molecular electronics, and applications of field effect transistors. The book also provides an overview of semiconductor processing technologies and experimental techniques. With a number of examples and problems with solutions, this is an ideal introduction for students and beginning researchers in the field. "This book is a useful tool, too, for the experienced researcher to get a summary of recent developments in solid state nanostructures. I applaud the author for a marvellous contribution to the scientific community of mesoscopic electronics." Prof. K. Ensslin, Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich
Unified Theory of Concrete Structures develops an integrated theory that encompasses the various stress states experienced by both RC & PC structures under the various loading conditions of bending, axial load, shear and torsion. Upon synthesis, the new rational theories replace the many empirical formulas currently in use for shear, torsion and membrane stress. The unified theory is divided into six model components: a) the struts-and-ties model, b) the equilibrium (plasticity) truss model, c) the Bernoulli compatibility truss model, d) the Mohr compatibility truss model, e) the softened truss model, and f) the softened membrane model. Hsu presents the six models as rational tools for the solution of the four basic types of stress, focusing on the significance of their intrinsic consistencies and their inter-relationships. Because of its inherent rationality, this unified theory of reinforced concrete can serve as the basis for the formulation of a universal and international design code. Includes an appendix and accompanying website hosting the authors’ finite element program SCS along with instructions and examples Offers comprehensive coverage of content ranging from fundamentals of flexure, shear and torsion all the way to non-linear finite element analysis and design of wall-type structures under earthquake loading. Authored by world-leading experts on torsion and shear
When it was passed in 1789, the Constitution set out the boundaries not only for a new government but for a new capital city as well. At the time, the new District of Columbia covered 5,000 acres, dominated by marshland on the south, pastureland on the area that is now the Mall, farms near the White House and Capitol Hill, and undeveloped woods throughout. Covering Capitol Hill, the Mall, the Old Downtown area, the Ellipse, Lafayette Square, and Foggy Bottom, this engaging photographic history and walking tour documents how the Federal City grew from farmland to world capital. Striking images and detailed captions tell the fascinating stories behind many of the famous and the not so famous buildings and monuments that cover the D.C. landscape, from Union Station and the Capitol to the White House and the Watergate Hotel and many important sites in between.
The bestselling guide to the laws that govern construction Knowledge of construction law and employment law is essential to running a successful construction business. Now, industry professionals don't have to rely on lawyers to translate the sometimes-confusing theories, principles, and established rules that regulate the business. In plain English, Smith, Currie & Hancock's Common Sense Construction Law, Third Edition provides a practical introduction to the significant legal topics and questions affecting construction industry professionals. General contractors, subcontractors, owners, and surety bond agents will turn to this updated edition of the bestselling guide again and again for: Information on intrastate licensure and practice Advice on "Best Value" source selection and alternative project delivery systems Recent trends in claim resolution, including recovery of compensation for delays, extra work, and differing site conditions Expanded coverage on industry safety and environmental issues, including the latest information on project safety, indemnity, mold risks, and insurance coverage issues Helpful "Points to Remember" summarizing important concepts and useful "Checklists" make concepts easy to implement in real-world practice Advice on successfully managing employment issues in the construction industry Complete with a CD-ROM containing over 180 sample contracts and documents from AIA, AGC, and EJCDC, Smith, Currie & Hancock's Common Sense Construction Law, Third Edition is an invaluable reference for industry professionals whose jobs rely on their ability to avoid unwelcome legal surprises that can cripple a project or kill a business.
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