In recent years, the Army, and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) more broadly, has become increasingly interested in commonality the sharing of common parts across different entities. Commonality has implication for procurers, designers, developers, trainers, logisticians, and operators. Commonality offers many advantages and disadvantages; the trade-offs are sometimes difficult to discern and implement. To gain an understanding of the potential benefits and burdens (full life-cycle costs, training, and sustainment) of commonality, the U.S. Army Capabilities Integration Center asked RAND Arroyo Center to assess the consequences of "system and component commonality." Consequences are difficult to discern when there is confusion about the subject. As we began to examine existing literature on commonality, we realized that there is considerable confusion about what commonality is and why it matters. This report recommends a new, more rigorous lexicon for describing system commonality and component commonality and presents a common language for the Army and other services to share. This report provides definitions for common and eight related concepts.
This new biography of Princess Victoria Ka'iulani goes far beyond most accounts of her life, which tend to dwell on nostalgic recollections of what could have been rather than the reality of her life. Many of the most cherished depictions of Ka'iulani originate from other people's reflections, rather than the actions and words of the princess herself. By using historical documents, including archival manuscripts, Hawaiian and English-language newspapers, government records, firsthand testimonies, poetry, and mele, a factual and thoroughly supported narrative of Ka'iulani's life during tumultuous times emerges, surpassing fairy tale-like portrayals.
In April 1865, the Southern Confederacy faced defeat. The Confederate government fled the capital of Richmond to avoid capture. The Confederacy still possessed a large store of gold and silver coin, but it disappeared in the chaos of the time. What became of the Confederate gold? No living soul is certain. In his exciting and moving novel, Thomas Moore imagines what might happen if the treasure reappeared through the discovery of a long-lost coded message. The Hunt for Confederate Gold is a suspenseful thriller that dramatizes the Confederate gold as a source of confrontation between a shadowy Southern group still seeking independence and a team of rogue Government agents determined to recover it at all costsincluding breaking the law. This exciting foray into one of Americas most tantalizing mysteries is also a love story, a cautionary political tale, and tour de force of a little-known chapter of the Civil War.
Reginald Pole (1500-1558), cardinal and archbishop of Canterbury, was at the centre of reform controversies in the mid 16th century - antagonist of Henry VIII, a leader of the reform group in the Roman Church, and nearly elected pope (Julius III was elected in his stead). His voluminous correspondence - more than 2500 items, including letters to him - forms a major source for historians not only of England, but of Catholic Europe and the early Reformation as a whole. In addition to the insight they provide on political history, both secular and ecclesiastical, and on the spiritual motives of reform, they also constitute a great resource for our understanding of humanist learning and cultural patronage in the Renaissance. Hitherto there has been no comprehensive, let alone modern or accurate listing and analysis of this correspondence, in large part due to the complexity of the manuscript traditions and the difficulties of legibility. The present work makes this vast body of material accessible to the researcher, summarising each letter (and printing key texts usually in critical editions), together with necessary identification and comment. The first three volumes in this set will contain the correspondence; the fourth and fifth will provide a biographical companion to all persons mentioned, and will together constitute a major research tool in their own right. This first volume covers the crucial turning point in Pole’s career: his protracted break with Henry and the substitution of papal service for royal. One major dimension of this rupture was a profound religious conversion which took Pole to the brink of one of the defining moments of the Italian Reformation, the writing of the ’Beneficio di Christo’.
The nature and function of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) are uncertain now that the alliance has accomplished its primary objective of defending Western Europe from the perceived Soviet threat. Despite uncertainty about NATO's role in the post-Cold War world, its political and military leaders agree that it can continue to play a vital part in enhancing European security and maintaining international stability. This superb analysis explores the evolving functions and future directions of this unique organization, paying particular attention to the political cultures and goals of its member states. The Promise of Alliance is important reading for students and scholars of international relations, foreign affairs, and political theory.
Through three centuries of development, the history of the Canadian economy reflects the shifting roles of natural resources, industrializations, and international trade. This volume, a standard in the field since its initial publication in 1958, presents a comprehensive account of these and other factors in the growth of the Canadian economy from the time of the earliest European expansion into the Americas. The authors consider economic organization both on the level of the national economy and on that of the individual business unit. Among the subjects examined are the growth of the fur, fishing, and timber trades; the impact of successive wars; money and banking; the development of railway and canal systems; the wheat economy; the growth of organized labour; and twentieth-century patterns of investment and trade. The focus throughout is on the role played by business organizations, large and small, working with government, in creating a national economy in Canada.
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