In the Western imagination, Islamic cultures are dominated by dogmatic religious norms that permit no nuance. Those fighting such stereotypes have countered with a portrait of Islam’s medieval “Golden Age,” marked by rationality, tolerance, and even proto-secularism. How can we understand Islamic history, culture, and thought beyond this dichotomy? In this magisterial cultural and intellectual history, Thomas Bauer reconsiders classical and modern Islam by tracing differing attitudes toward ambiguity. Over a span of many centuries, he explores the tension between one strand that aspires to annihilate all uncertainties and establish absolute, uncontestable truths and another, competing tendency that looks for ways to live with ambiguity and accept complexity. Bauer ranges across cultural and linguistic ambiguities, considering premodern Islamic textual and cultural forms from law to Quranic exegesis to literary genres alongside attitudes toward religious minorities and foreigners. He emphasizes the relative absence of conflict between religious and secular discourses in classical Islamic culture, which stands in striking contrast to both present-day fundamentalism and much of European history. Bauer shows how Islam’s encounter with the modern West and its demand for certainty helped bring about both Islamicist and secular liberal ideologies that in their own ways rejected ambiguity—and therefore also their own cultural traditions. Awarded the prestigious Leibniz Prize, A Culture of Ambiguity not only reframes a vast range of Islamic history but also offers an interdisciplinary model for investigating the tolerance of ambiguity across cultures and eras.
Essay from the year 2005 in the subject Philosophy - Philosophy of the 17th and 18th Centuries, grade: A (1,3), University of Auckland (Department of Philosophy), course: Lecutre, 7 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: "Quid est veritas?" It was not a philosopher who asked this important question. Pontius Pilatus, a roman prefect inquired one of the most important questions in philosophy. For Plato, a sentence is true if it says from whom it exists, that it exists. After Aristotle something becomes true not because we are thinking about it, we are thinking about it because it is true. For Augustine truth is, "quod ita est, ut videtur"(De vera relig. 36). The truth is eternal, timeless, non versatile and absolute. In the Scholastic, philosophers defined the truth as: adaequatio rerum et intellectuum. In the summa contra gentiles (I, 59.), Thomas Aquinas tells us: "Veritas intellectus est adaequatio intellectus et rei, secundum quod intellectus dicit esse quod est, vel non esse quod non est." For Descartes, the eternal truths of the mathematicians are given us by God, the truths are timeless and absolute but they can not exist outside our thoughts: "Aeternas veritates - nullam existentiam extra cogitationem nostram habentes" (Pr.ph. I, 48). Leibnitz tells us that the truth exists out of correspondence between the propositions with the things. The truth for Kant is a correspondence among the thoughts which correspond with the regulars of the mind. The eternal truth is turned into an a priority judgment. Now, we can not talk anymore of adaequatio rerum et intellectum, because the thing in itself can not be perceived anymore. Kant drew out the limits of our mind and because of this we can not have a knowledge of the absolute truth. Goethe now gives us a relative point of view: everyone can have his own truth: "Kenne ich mein Verhältnis zu mir selbst und zur Außenwelt, so heiße ich's Wahrheit. Und so kann jeder seine eigene Wahrheit haben, und es ist
Essay from the year 2005 in the subject Philosophy - Philosophy of the 19th Century, grade: A- (1,7), University of Auckland (Department of Philosophy), course: Lecture, language: English, abstract: “Wer mit Ungeheuern kämpft, mag zusehn, daß er nicht dabei zum Ungeheuer wird. Und wenn du lange in einen Abgrund blickst, blickt der Abgrund auch in dich hinein.“ The German Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844 in Röcken bei Lützen near Leibzig. His father was a Lutheran church minister. After his secondary schooling he went to the University of Bonn to study Theology and Philosophy. But he was not really interested in these subjects so he changed to Philology. Nietzsche was also very interested in music. In his early years he read the German romantic writer Friedrich Hölderlin and later on Schopenhauer. Friedrich Nietzsche began very early with his writings, mostly commentaries about ancient Greek philosophers. In January 1971 he started with one of his own big works, Geburt der Tragödie. Untill his physical collapse, Nietzsche wrote a lot of books and gave us a huge body of philosophical work. In his writings he proclaimed the death of god and a new kind of human super being; he wanted to establish a new moral understanding without a Christian background. When we read his books we often hear about Übermensch, Wille zur Macht und Umstürzung aller Werte. Hitler used these and other early writings about Jewish people to justify his ideology and his genocide. We do not know if Hitler ever read Nietzsche but there is a similarity between his writings and the writings of Nietzsche. Nazi philosophers and anti-Nazi philosophers have argued over Nietzsche. Who was right? Throughout history a lot of people have wanted to establish whether Nietzsche can be blamed for Nazism or not.
Literature Review from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Miscellaneous, grade: 2,3, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh (School of Management and Languages ), language: English, abstract: Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Definitions 2.1. Financial crisis 2.2. Economical crisis 3. Relevance of the global economic and financial crisis for seaports 4. Economic situation of the German seaports 4.1. Hamburg seaport 4.2. Bremerhaven seaport 5. Development and trends after the global economic and financial crisis 6. Discussion and Conclusion 7. List of references 8. List of further literature 1. Introduction The purpose of this literature review is to detect the state of knowledge about the influence of the global economic and financial crisis on the utilisation of the German seaports Hamburg and Bremerhaven. Firstly, the paper draws attention to the important definitions. The second part deals with the relevance of the crisis for the seaports. The economic situation of the ports before and during the recession will be examined in the following. The fourth part concentrates on the development and the trends after the crisis. Finally, a discussion is given to identify the main findings and to conclude the literature review.
Ecotourism and adventure tours offer unique tourism opportunities in the Antarctic! Are you prepared to make the most of them?Tourism in the Antarctic analyzes tourism activities in the most remote tourist destination in the world! It establishes visitor profiles; discusses the impacts of tourism on the region; and explores barriers, opportunities, and future directions in Antarctic tourism. The emergence of ecotourism has turned Antarctica into an increasingly popular tourist destination for intrepid travelers. During the 1999/2000 season, approximately 15,000 passengers visited Antarctica by ship. Tourism in the Antarctic discusses the new and exciting opportunities for tourism business operators in the region, as well as the ramifications of increased numbers of visitors to this unique environment.In these pages, you will find discussions of issues related to Antarctic tourism including: regulation of the tourism industry under the Antarctic Treaty System, and self-regulation provided by business operators trends and predictions for numbers of visitors to the region tourist attractions that are natural, man-made, spiritual, or scientific in nature wildlife of Antarctica: seals and whales, flying sea birds, penguins, etc. international law as it relates to the region ship-based tourism opportunities from yachts and small expedition-type vessels to very large cruise ships and icebreakers air- and land-based tourism opportunities in the region from private expeditions to overflights an overview of current tourism operations in other remote areas: the Arctic region, the Galapagos Islands, Alaska, New Zealand's Sub-Antarctic Islands, and more The author's observations and experiences during cruises to the Antarctic Peninsula, the sub-Antarctic islands and the Ross Sea, as well as during overflights of Antarctica, are the basis of this unique volume. Generously embellished with charts and tables that make it easy to track activities, opinions, trends, and environmental statistics, this book is an essential reference for anyone teaching, studying, or planning to operate a tourism business in this part of the world.
The Synoptic Concordance is a major research tool for the analysis of the first three Gospels, providing an extensive mass of data that greatly facilitates literary and linguistic examination. The advantages of a concordance are combined with those of a synopsis: each occurrence of a word in the synoptic Gospels, along with a section of text that provides its context, is displayed in three columns. The result is that one sees not only the occurrences of a certain word in one Gospel, but also the parallels in the other two Gospels. The Synoptic Concordance presents the whole synoptic situation at one time: all of the differences and similarities are obvious at a glance, so that the first three Gospels can easily be compared according to their divergent terminology and syntax. On the two-document hypothesis, one can see, for example, how Matthew or Luke take over and change their Markan source, or how they differ in the redaction of their Q text. Gray shadowing calls attention to the differing sequence of the verses and pericopes in the three Gospels. By paying attention to this shadowing, one can follow all occurrences of the key word in the original sequence of each Gospel. An appendix gives the relevant verses in the Acts of the Apostles, in order to make available the full linguistic usage of Luke. The research project presupposes that there are literary relationships among the first three Gospels. According to widespread consensus, the two-document hypothesis provides the most plausible explanation of these relationships. The presentation of the text, however, seeks to display the synoptic situation in a way that is independent of any source theory, so as to allow each user to seek his or her own solution. At the beginning of each entry, a chart gives a statistical overview of the usage of the key word in the entire New Testament. A second chart, with a detailed evaluation of the distribution of the key word in the synoptic Gospels, displays how often the usage of the one Gospel agrees with (or differs from) the usage of the other two Gospels. In terms of the two-document hypothesis, one can, for example, find the words that Matthew (or Luke) prefers or avoids, or catch sight of the so-called "minor agreements." When relevant, these statistics are also given for recurrent formulas and fixed phrases. These formulas and phrases are indicated by a small letter indexing them (as is usual in concordances). By this means the relevant verses can easily be verified in the synoptic presentation of the occurrences.
Drive marketing ROI with an investor's mindset and a proven toolkit Top marketers today don't shy away from financial accountability. In fact, they actively seek to account for the return on their companies' investments in marketing – because they want their budget to make a difference for their brands and for their business: more relevant messages, more effective campaigns, more satisfied customers, more profitable promotions, higher returns to shareholders. If this is how you think about marketing, this book is for you. It is a book for CMOs who adopt an investor's mindset, and it deals with the most pressing marketing performance questions. This isn't a work of theory. This is a hands-on guide to better marketing for top managers, neatly packaged into ten concise chapters that are just right for a short-haul flight. Learn how to: Increase sales with smarter fund allocation Reduce marketing costs without sacrificing effectiveness Strengthen the role of marketing with quantified ROI Build capabilities for sustainable performance improvements Marketing Performance delivers expert insight, a wealth of proven success factors, and real-life case studies that will help you drive marketing performance and grow your business.
The Synoptic Concordance is a major research tool for the analysis of the first three Gospels, providing an extensive mass of data that greatly facilitates literary and linguistic examination. The advantages of a concordance are combined with those of a synopsis: each occurrence of a word in the synoptic Gospels, along with a section of text that provides its context, is displayed in three columns. The result is that one sees not only the occurrences of a certain word in one Gospel, but also the parallels in the other two Gospels. The Synoptic Concordance presents the whole synoptic situation at one time: all of the differences and similarities are obvious at a glance, so that the first three Gospels can easily be compared according to their divergent terminology and syntax. On the two-document hypothesis, one can see, for example, how Matthew or Luke take over and change their Markan source, or how they differ in the redaction of their Q text. Gray shadowing calls attention to the differing sequence of the verses and pericopes in the three Gospels. By paying attention to this shadowing, one can follow all occurrences of the key word in the original sequence of each Gospel. An appendix gives the relevant verses in the Acts of the Apostles, in order to make available the full linguistic usage of Luke. The research project presupposes that there are literary relationships among the first three Gospels. According to widespread consensus, the two-document hypothesis provides the most plausible explanation of these relationships. The presentation of the text, however, seeks to display the synoptic situation in a way that is independent of any source theory, so as to allow each user to seek his or her own solution. At the beginning of each entry, a chart gives a statistical overview of the usage of the key word in the entire New Testament. A second chart, with a detailed evaluation of the distribution of the key word in the synoptic Gospels, displays how often the usage of the one Gospel agrees with (or differs from) the usage of the other two Gospels. In terms of the two-document hypothesis, one can, for example, find the words that Matthew (or Luke) prefers or avoids, or catch sight of the so-called "minor agreements." When relevant, these statistics are also given for recurrent formulas and fixed phrases. These formulas and phrases are indicated by a small letter indexing them (as is usual in concordances). By this means the relevant verses can easily be verified in the synoptic presentation of the occurrences.
Essay from the year 2011 in the subject Organisation and administration - Miscellaneous, grade: 1,9, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh (School of Management and Languages ), language: English, abstract: Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Explanation of scientific management 3. Explanation of human relations theory 4. Comparison of the two schools of management 4.1. Differences between scientific management and human relations theory 4.2. Similarities of scientific management and human relations theory 5. Conclusion 6. List of references 1. Introduction Maximizing efficiency, reducing costs and increasing profits are facts which will be always of high interest for companies. In the course of development of organizations different approaches have emerge to fulfill these interest. The purpose of this essay is to compare scientific management and human relations theory. The paper will start by explaining both schools of management. Differences and similarities will be discussed on the followings. With the help of these facts it can be shown how different these theories are and whether they achieve the same ends.
Essay from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Operations Research, grade: 1,8, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh (School of Management and Languages), language: English, abstract: Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Definitions and Explanations 2.1. Family friendly policies 2.2. Organisational structures 2.3. Organisational cultures 3. Range of influence of family friendly policies to challenge organisational structures and cultures 4. Conclusion 5. List of references 6. Statement of Acknowledgement 1. Introduction Growing shortage of skilled labour, emancipation and the ongoing increasing desire of equal opportunities for women in executive positions, requires a rethinking of companies concerning their working conditions. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the relevance of family friendly policies in current organisations. The paper will start by pointing out a definition and explanation of family friendly policies, organisational structure and organisational culture. The range of influence of these policies on organisational cultures and structures will be discussed. With the help of these facts it can be shown to which extent family friendly policies challenge the structure and culture of existing organizations.
Thermophotovoltaics is the science and technology associated with the direct generation of electricity from high temperature heat. Potential applications include combined heat and power, portable and auxiliary power, radioisotope space power, industrial waste heat recovery and concentrated solar power. This book aims at serving as an introduction to the underlying theory, overview of present day components and system arrangements, and update of the latest developments in the field. The emphasis is placed on the understanding of the critical aspects of efficient thermophotovoltaic system design. The aim is to assist researchers in the field.
In 11 essays The Doctrine of Election in Reformed Perspective reflect ongoing investigations concerning the doctrine of election, with special focus on the Synod of Dort 1618–19. Important lines of demarcation between different Reformed orthodox groups and denominations find their root divergence, as well as historical concentration point, in relation to this very issue. The ongoing research presented in this collection can open up a fresh field of fertile investigation for theological discussion. Moreover, she may lead to interdisciplinary perspectives and a cooperative approach to research, also beyond the field of theology. For this too is the field of philosophers and historians, those who trace the history of Christianity or are studying early modern Europe. The volume consists of three sections. In the first Part three essays reflect historical and philosophical issues before the Synod of Dort. Part Two explores aspects of the Synod of Dort itself. The focus in Part Three is on the reception of the Synod of Dort. Finally, the following question is answered: How were the Canons of Dort regarded in the 17th–19th century, and what does the history of their editions tell us? The editor, Frank van der Pol, was the program leader of the combined research group Early Modern Reformed Theology (EMRT) of the theological universities Apeldoorn and Kampen. In cooperation with the A Lasco Bibliothek Emden the EMRT organized an international conference on Oct. 29 and 30, 2014 about the doctrine of election in reformed perspective. The researchgroup is convinced that the dual line of research on history and theology of the Reformation tradition must continue and be strengthened. On the occasion of the 400th anniversary of the Synod of Dort, the researchers, wanting to do their work in a broader context with a wider dialogue, make their proceedings accessible for more people and institutes by publishing them in this volume.
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