The most commonly used numerical techniques in solving engineering and mathematical models are the Finite Element, Finite Difference, and Boundary Element Methods. As computer capabilities continue to impro':e in speed, memory size and access speed, and lower costs, the use of more accurate but computationally expensive numerical techniques will become attractive to the practicing engineer. This book presents an introduction to a new approximation method based on a generalized Fourier series expansion of a linear operator equation. Because many engineering problems such as the multi dimensional Laplace and Poisson equations, the diffusion equation, and many integral equations are linear operator equations, this new approximation technique will be of interest to practicing engineers. Because a generalized Fourier series is used to develop the approxi mator, a "best approximation" is achieved in the "least-squares" sense; hence the name, the Best Approximation Method. This book guides the reader through several mathematics topics which are pertinent to the development of the theory employed by the Best Approximation Method. Working spaces such as metric spaces and Banach spaces are explained in readable terms. Integration theory in the Lebesque sense is covered carefully. Because the generalized Fourier series utilizes Lebesque integration concepts, the integra tion theory is covered through the topic of converging sequences of functions with respect to measure, in the mean (Lp), almost uniformly IV and almost everywhere. Generalized Fourier theory and linear operator theory are treated in Chapters 3 and 4.
With the overwhelming use of computers in engineering, science and physics, the approximate solution of complex mathematical systems of equations is almost commonplace. The Best Approximation Method unifies many of the numerical methods used in computational mechanics. Nevertheless, despite the vast quantities of synthetic data there is still some doubt concerning the validity and accuracy of these approximations. This publication assists the computer modeller in his search for the best approximation by presenting functional analysis concepts. Computer programs are provided which can be used by readers with FORTRAN capability. The classes of problems examined include engineering applications, applied mathematics, numerical analysis and computational mechanics. The Best Approximation Method in Computational Mechanics serves as an introduction to functional analysis and mathematical analysis of computer modelling algorithms. It makes computer modellers aware of already established principles and results assembled in functional analysis.
The Diffusion Hydrodynamic Model (DHM), as presented in the 1987 USGS publication, was one of the first computational fluid dynamics computational programs based on the groundwater program MODFLOW, which evolved into the control volume modeling approach. Over the following decades, others developed similar computational programs that either used the methodology and approaches presented in the DHM directly or were its extensions that included additional components and capacities. Our goal is to demonstrate that the DHM, which was developed in an age preceding computer graphics/visualization tools, is as robust as any of the popular models that are currently used. We thank the USGS for their approval and permission to use the content from the earlier USGS report.
As well as describing the extremely useful applications of the CVBEM, the authors explain its mathematical background -- vital to understanding the subject as a whole. This is the most comprehensive book on the subject, bringing together ten years of work and can boast the latest news in CVBEM technology. It is thus of particular interest to those concerned with solving technical engineering problems -- while scientists, graduate students, computer programmers and those working in industry will all find the book helpful.
The subject of rainfall-runoff modeling involves a wide spectrum of topics. Fundamental to each topic is the problem of accurately computing runoff at a point given rainfall data at another point. The fact that there is currently no one universally accepted approach to computing runoff, given rainfall data, indicates that a purely deter ministic solution to the problem has not yet been found. The technology employed in the modern rainfall-runoff models has evolved substantially over the last two decades, with computer models becoming increasingly more complex in their detail of describing the hydrologic and hydraulic processes which occur in the catchment. But despite the advances in including this additional detail, the level of error in runoff estimates (given rainfall) does not seem to be significantly changed with increasing model complexity; in fact it is not uncommon for the model's level of accuracy to deteriorate with increasing complexity. In a latter section of this chapter, a literature review of the state-of-the-art in rainfall-runoff modeling is compiled which includes many of the concerns noted by rainfall-runoff modelers. The review indicates that there is still no deterministic solution to the rainfall-runoff modeling problem, and that the error in runoff estimates produced from rainfall-runoff models is of such magnitude that they should not be simply ignored.
The Complex Variable Boundary Element Method (CVBEM) has emerged as a new and effective modeling method in the field of computational mechanics and hydraulics. The CVBEM is a generalization of the Cauchy integral formula into a boundary integral equation method. The model ing approach by boundary integration, the use of complex variables for two-dimensional potential problems, and the adaptability to now-popular microcomputers are among the factors that make this technique easy to learn, simple to operate, practical for modeling, and efficient in simulating various physical processes. Many of the CVBEM concepts and notions may be derived from the Analytic Function Method (AFM) presented in van der Veer (1978). The AFM served as the starting point for the generalization of the CVBEM theory which was developed during the first author's research engagement (1979 through 1981) at the University of California, Irvine. The growth and expansion of the CVBEM were subsequently nurtured at the U. S. Geological Survey, where keen interest and much activity in numerical modeling and computational mechanics-and-hydraulics are prevalent. Inclusion of the CVBEM research program in Survey's computational-hydraulics projects, brings the modeling researcher more uniform aspects of numerical mathematics in engineering and scientific problems, not to mention its (CVBEM) practicality and usefulness in the hydrologic investigations. This book is intended to introduce the CVBEM to engineers and scientists with its basic theory, underlying mathematics, computer algorithm, error analysis schemes, model adjustment procedures, and application examples.
This book explains and examines the theoretical underpinnings of the Complex Variable Boundary Element Method (CVBEM) as applied to higher dimensions, providing the reader with the tools for extending and using the CVBEM in various applications. Relevant mathematics and principles are assembled and the reader is guided through the key topics necessary for an understanding of the development of the CVBEM in both the usual two as well as three or higher dimensions. In addition to this, problems are provided that build upon the material presented. The Complex Variable Boundary Element Method (CVBEM) is an approximation method useful for solving problems involving the Laplace equation in two dimensions. It has been shown to be a useful modelling technique for solving two-dimensional problems involving the Laplace or Poisson equations on arbitrary domains. The CVBEM has recently been extended to 3 or higher spatial dimensions, which enables the precision of the CVBEM in solving the Laplace equation to be now available for multiple dimensions. The mathematical underpinnings of the CVBEM, as well as the extension to higher dimensions, involve several areas of applied and pure mathematics including Banach Spaces, Hilbert Spaces, among other topics. This book is intended for applied mathematics graduate students, engineering students or practitioners, developers of industrial applications involving the Laplace or Poisson equations and developers of computer modelling applications.
The Diffusion Hydrodynamic Model (DHM), as presented in the 1987 USGS publication, was one of the first computational fluid dynamics computational programs based on the groundwater program MODFLOW, which evolved into the control volume modeling approach. Over the following decades, others developed similar computational programs that either used the methodology and approaches presented in the DHM directly or were its extensions that included additional components and capacities. Our goal is to demonstrate that the DHM, which was developed in an age preceding computer graphics/visualization tools, is as robust as any of the popular models that are currently used. We thank the USGS for their approval and permission to use the content from the earlier USGS report.
The most commonly used numerical techniques in solving engineering and mathematical models are the Finite Element, Finite Difference, and Boundary Element Methods. As computer capabilities continue to impro':e in speed, memory size and access speed, and lower costs, the use of more accurate but computationally expensive numerical techniques will become attractive to the practicing engineer. This book presents an introduction to a new approximation method based on a generalized Fourier series expansion of a linear operator equation. Because many engineering problems such as the multi dimensional Laplace and Poisson equations, the diffusion equation, and many integral equations are linear operator equations, this new approximation technique will be of interest to practicing engineers. Because a generalized Fourier series is used to develop the approxi mator, a "best approximation" is achieved in the "least-squares" sense; hence the name, the Best Approximation Method. This book guides the reader through several mathematics topics which are pertinent to the development of the theory employed by the Best Approximation Method. Working spaces such as metric spaces and Banach spaces are explained in readable terms. Integration theory in the Lebesque sense is covered carefully. Because the generalized Fourier series utilizes Lebesque integration concepts, the integra tion theory is covered through the topic of converging sequences of functions with respect to measure, in the mean (Lp), almost uniformly IV and almost everywhere. Generalized Fourier theory and linear operator theory are treated in Chapters 3 and 4.
With the overwhelming use of computers in engineering, science and physics, the approximate solution of complex mathematical systems of equations is almost commonplace. The Best Approximation Method unifies many of the numerical methods used in computational mechanics. Nevertheless, despite the vast quantities of synthetic data there is still some doubt concerning the validity and accuracy of these approximations. This publication assists the computer modeller in his search for the best approximation by presenting functional analysis concepts. Computer programs are provided which can be used by readers with FORTRAN capability. The classes of problems examined include engineering applications, applied mathematics, numerical analysis and computational mechanics. The Best Approximation Method in Computational Mechanics serves as an introduction to functional analysis and mathematical analysis of computer modelling algorithms. It makes computer modellers aware of already established principles and results assembled in functional analysis.
The subject of rainfall-runoff modeling involves a wide spectrum of topics. Fundamental to each topic is the problem of accurately computing runoff at a point given rainfall data at another point. The fact that there is currently no one universally accepted approach to computing runoff, given rainfall data, indicates that a purely deter ministic solution to the problem has not yet been found. The technology employed in the modern rainfall-runoff models has evolved substantially over the last two decades, with computer models becoming increasingly more complex in their detail of describing the hydrologic and hydraulic processes which occur in the catchment. But despite the advances in including this additional detail, the level of error in runoff estimates (given rainfall) does not seem to be significantly changed with increasing model complexity; in fact it is not uncommon for the model's level of accuracy to deteriorate with increasing complexity. In a latter section of this chapter, a literature review of the state-of-the-art in rainfall-runoff modeling is compiled which includes many of the concerns noted by rainfall-runoff modelers. The review indicates that there is still no deterministic solution to the rainfall-runoff modeling problem, and that the error in runoff estimates produced from rainfall-runoff models is of such magnitude that they should not be simply ignored.
As well as describing the extremely useful applications of the CVBEM, the authors explain its mathematical background -- vital to understanding the subject as a whole. This is the most comprehensive book on the subject, bringing together ten years of work and can boast the latest news in CVBEM technology. It is thus of particular interest to those concerned with solving technical engineering problems -- while scientists, graduate students, computer programmers and those working in industry will all find the book helpful.
With the overwhelming use of computers in engineering, science and physics, the approximate solution of complex mathematical systems of equations is almost commonplace. The Best Approximation Method unifies many of the numerical methods used in computational mechanics. Nevertheless, despite the vast quantities of synthetic data there is still some doubt concerning the validity and accuracy of these approximations. This publication assists the computer modeller in his search for the best approximation by presenting functional analysis concepts. Computer programs are provided which can be used by readers with FORTRAN capability. The classes of problems examined include engineering applications, applied mathematics, numerical analysis and computational mechanics. The Best Approximation Method in Computational Mechanics serves as an introduction to functional analysis and mathematical analysis of computer modelling algorithms. It makes computer modellers aware of already established principles and results assembled in functional analysis.
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