The creation of the Frankfurt School of critical theory in the 1920s saw the birth of some of the most exciting and challenging writings of the twentieth century. It is out of this background that the great critic Theodor Adorno emerged. His finest essays are collected here, offering the reader unparalleled insights into Adorno's thoughts on culture. He argued that the culture industry commodified and standardized all art. In turn this suffocated individuality and destroyed critical thinking. At the time, Adorno was accused of everything from overreaction to deranged hysteria by his many detractors. In today's world, where even the least cynical of consumers is aware of the influence of the media, Adorno's work takes on a more immediate significance. The Culture Industry is an unrivalled indictment of the banality of mass culture.
This book analyzes the Chinese-centered globalization ‘from below’ brought about by China’s entrepreneurial migrants and conceived of as a projection of Chinese power in the Belt and Road Initiative partner states. It identifies the features of this globalization ‘from below,’ scrutinizes its mutually reinforcing relationship with China’s globalization ‘from above,’ and shows that these two globalizations are intrinsically related to the construction of a new international order. It outlines how the actors in China’s globalization ‘from below’ include Chinese emigrants who are located in informal transnational economic networks. It reveals that Beijing has enacted many laws that compel these emigrants to contribute to the development of their country of origin but also influences them through the successful promotion of a specific type of deterritorialized nationalism; and that China is ready to impose harsh punitive actions on political elites in partner states which fail to protect its migrants or limit their economic activities. Finally, it argues that China’s globalization ‘from below’ is fundamentally different from the non-hegemonic globalization ‘from below’ represented by, among others, Lebanese and East Indian traders, and that China’s globalization ‘from below’ is rather a self-interested national strategy intended to support the construction of a Chinese-centered international order.
In 1792, the same year as the appearance of Mary Wollstonecraft's "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman," an anonymous treatise was published in German using Enlightenment principles to argue for equal rights for women in the domestic, political and religious spheres. The author was later revealed to be Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel, a friend of Kant and governing mayor of Koenigsberg, who, unlike Wollstonecraft, appealed mainly to men to loosen the bonds of women. The work also contained perhaps the first anthropological study examining the origin of the dominance of men. Translated into English as "On Improving the Status of Women," the work appears here for the first time in complete form in English, along with Hippel's collected writings on the status of women, from his very early Freemason address to his last novel. Included also are lengthy notes for a second addition of "On Improving the Status of Women," as well as the most complete biography of the author in English. Hippel is here depicted as a writer who, perhaps more than any other man in history, championed the cause of women's rights throughout his life, and as one of the earliest and most profound thinkers on the subject.
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