Neglected parasitic zoonoses, such as cysticercosis and echinococcosis, are a group of zoonoses that continue to impose a significant burden and affect livelihoods of the vulnerable populations that typically have limited access to adequate sanitation, basic living conditions, health and veterinary services and awareness. Recognising the disease burden and importance of a multisectoral approach to controlling and eliminating neglected parasitic zoonoses, in 2018 the Regional Tripartite jointly organised a regional workshop on neglected foodborne parasitic zoonoses. To control zoonoses in an efficient, effective and sustainable way, it is important to understand the transmission cycle of each disease and to implement strategic interventions at key stages via multisectoral participation from public health, animal health, environmental health and food safety. Prevention and control of infection in animals is one of the critical means to reduce the burden of zoonoses in humans, therefore the animal health sector has a very important role to play. However, awareness and knowledge are often limited among veterinary authorities, public health practitioners, animal health practitioners and animal owners. This handbook focuses on interventions that the animal health sector can implement to prevent human and animal disease caused by these parasites. It aims to provide up-to-date information in a concise form and is expected to encourage the relevant stakeholders to take actions to control and prevent neglected parasitic zoonoses. Although the handbook was written primarily for Asia and the Pacific region, the information is relevant in many other regions. We hope you find this handbook useful and practical.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been recognized as one of the greatest global threats to humans, animals, plants and ecosystems health threatening the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. In our globally connected world, resistance to antimicrobials may spread and circulate among humans, animals, plants and the environment, necessitating a “One Health” approach. While the One Health approach is relevant to all efforts to prevent and control AMR, this priority research agenda focuses on research areas at the interface between sectors. This research agenda is a joint product of the Quadripartite organizations –FAO, UNEP, WHO and WOAH - and a result of extensive stakeholder and expert engagement. A structured mixed-methods approach was used including reviews of academic and grey literature, online open global survey, and consensus exercise by modified Delphi method in which global experts prioritized research areas for the five pillars: transmission, integrated surveillance, interventions, behavioral insights and change, and economics and policy. We hope this research agenda will serve as a guiding tool for countries, research institutes and funding bodies to support for One Health AMR research, helping policymakers, researchers and the multidisciplinary scientific community to work together across sectors on solutions that will prevent and mitigate AMR on a national, regional and global scale as further evidence on research strategies, interventions and policies is required to understand what works, in which contexts and for whom.
Due to the recent rapid development of freshwater aquaculture in the Caucasus Region, many new and previously known fish diseases have appeared. One of the most prominent features of the region’s aquaculture is that it is mostly based on the rearing of cyprinids, mainly the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), as well as a few other predatory fish species. As a result, this book focuses on the diseases that affect these and other important warmwater fish species. Although this field guide covers the diseases of warmwater fish of Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, it also draws upon the extensive knowledge base available for the countries of Central Europe and the former Soviet Union, as well as recent research findings from the Islamic Republic of Iran and from Turkey. The major warmwater fish species cultured in the region and their health status are discussed, and two major categories of disease are recognized: biotic and abiotic diseases. Although there are numerous biotic diseases, abiotic factors (e.g. lack of oxygen, temperature, feeding mistakes) remain the main cause of losses in aquaculture. The best practices for the field and laboratory examination of disease outbreaks are reviewed, and the importance of accurate and detailed data recording emphasized. Prevention as a key factor in avoiding the spread of disease is highlighted, and actions to prevent the spread of diseases between farms, regions, countries and continents are discussed. Possible methods for the treatment of each disease are reviewed; unfortunately, the chemicals available for use in aquaculture are now rather limited, as many of them are hazardous to both the environment and human health. Of the viral diseases discussed, spring viraemia of carp (SVC) and koi herpesvirus (KHV) pose the greatest threats to the world’s carp populations. Of the bacterial diseases, ulcer disease is still the main problem in carp culture, while among the parasites, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, the cause of white spot disease, is among the most important. Exotic parasites such as various Thelohanellus species, as well as tapeworms belonging to the genera Bothriocephalus and Khawia, are responsible for a considerable amount of damage. Some diseases of unknown aetiology are also discussed.
During July 10-13, 2011, 68 participants from 32 countries gathered in Istanbul, Turkey for a workshop organized by the United States National Research Council on Anticipating Biosecurity Challenges of the Global Expansion of High-containment Biological Laboratories. The United States Department of State's Biosecurity Engagement Program sponsored the workshop, which was held in partnership with the Turkish Academy of Sciences. The international workshop examined biosafety and biosecurity issues related to the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of high-containment biological laboratories- equivalent to United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention biological safety level 3 or 4 labs. Although these laboratories are needed to characterize highly dangerous human and animal pathogens, assist in disease surveillance, and produce vaccines, they are complex systems with inherent risks. Biosecurity Challenges of the Global Expansion of High-Containment Biological Laboratories summarizes the workshop discussion, which included the following topics: Technological options to meet diagnostic, research, and other goals; Laboratory construction and commissioning; Operational maintenance to provide sustainable capabilities, safety, and security; and Measures for encouraging a culture of responsible conduct. Workshop attendees described the history and current challenges they face in their individual laboratories. Speakers recounted steps they were taking to improve safety and security, from running training programs to implementing a variety of personnel reliability measures. Many also spoke about physical security, access controls, and monitoring pathogen inventories. Workshop participants also identified tensions in the field and suggested possible areas for action.
The Regional Workshop on Preparedness and Response to Aquatic Animal Health Emergencies focused on emergency planning and responses to serious outbreaks of aquatic animal diseases in Asia. These proceedings include all papers presented, group reports and resulting recommendations. The material covers a wide range of topics, from a review of the history, current status and socio-economic impacts of transboundary aquatic animal diseases in Asia to analyses of regional needs in areas such as contingency planning, legislation and capacity building.
In 2019, the Tripartite Joint Secretariat (FAO, OIE, and WHO) launched the AMR Multi-Partner Trust Fund (MPTF) to scale up action in low- and lower-middle-income countries to address antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as well as set up joint, global-level activities. In 2020, the Tripartite put in place the necessary frameworks, tools, and standards to select countries and develop global programmes that will be supported by the MPTF. The following report will provide an overview of the country and global projects, their current implementation status, the fund’s financial resources as well as the next steps.
This document details the activities that were undertaken by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and cooperating agencies (the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of South Africa (DAFF), the Africa Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources (AU-IBAR) and the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC)) leading to the production of a Regional Aquatic Biosecurity Strategy for the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and its subsequent adoption by SADC and incorporation into SADC programmes. These activities include: (1) assessment of national aquatic animal health performance and capacity for 14 of the 15 SADC member countries through the conducting of a Southern African Development Community (SADC) regional aquatic animal health capacity and performance survey; (2) the convening of the FAO/DAFF/AU-IBAR/SADC Regional Workshop on Improving Aquatic Animal Health Management and Strengthening Biosecurity Governance in Africa, held in Durban, South Africa, from 5–7 November 2014, with one of the specific objectives being to develop a SADC Regional Framework for an Aquatic Biosecurity Strategy; (3) the finalization of the draft Regional Aquatic Biosecurity Strategy for the Southern African Development Community (SADC) by the FAO team; (4) the submission of the strategy to the SADC Fisheries Technical Committee (April 2015) and its submission to SADC for official approval by the SADC Council of Ministers (April 2017). Included as annexes to the report are: Annex I. the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Regional aquatic animal health capacity and performance survey: Summary of survey results and analysis; Annex II. The Report of the FAO/DAFF/AU-IBAR/SADC Regional Workshop on Improving Aquatic Animal Health Management and Strengthening Biosecurity Governance in Africa; and Annex III. the Regional aquatic biosecurity strategy for the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The process was long but the most important is that it was done using a systematic approach that lead to good understanding leading to better consensus building, wide ownership and strong government commitment.
The publication describes best practices for mentorship within the training programme, defines competencies for mentors and provides a tool for evaluating the mentorship programme.
The publication provides programmes with proposed training topics and learning objectives to ensure participants reach the minimum core competencies outlined in the competency framework.
Effective early warning systems provide the capacity to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable individuals, communities and organizations threatened by a hazard to prepare and to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm or loss. [Author] To support countries in the prevention and management of losses caused by animal diseases the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is working to develop a strategic framework for early warning (EW) of animal health threats. [Author] FAO organized a global technical consultation to gather expertise across various health sectors and inform development of the framework. [Author] The meeting was attended by more than 70 participants, gathering expertise form animal, public and environmental health at various geographical levels. [Author] Through a series of brainstorming sessions, experts outlined concrete priority actions and targets that can be put in place in order to strengthen EWS in the short term, move towards anticipatory systems in the medium term, and finally, in the long term, build systems that are focused on prevention. [Author] This report summarizes the main discussions and conclusions. [Author]
The Federated States of Micronesia’s National Strategy on Aquatic Animal Health 2021–2024, a broad and comprehensive strategy to build and enhance capacity for the management of national aquaculture biosecurity and aquatic animal health, was developed under FAO’s Project TCP/MIC/3603/C2: “National Aquatic Animal Health and Biosecurity Strategy”. The FSM’s NSAAH has taken into consideration a new initiative that FAO and partners have developed – the Progressive Management Pathway for Improving Aquaculture Biosecurity (PMP/AB). The application of the NSAAH has now expanded to fit as an important element of the PMP/AB.This initial strategy document outlines 15 major Programmes that will assist in developing a national approach to overall management of national aquaculture biosecurity and aquatic animal health. To complete this draft document, the Competent Authority (the Department of Resources and Development, R&D) should review the brief summaries of key projects suggested to be of immediate high priority to be accomplished under each of the 15 Programmes, modifying or adding to these as appropriate. The R&D will also need to develop an associated Implementation Plan for the National Strategy on Aquatic Animal Health (NSAAH) that identifies the activities that must be accomplished, the responsible sector(s) (government, private sector, and/or academia), the key staff, details of each project, the time-frame and an associated budget and source of funding (government, private sector, or other source). It is expected that progress toward completion of the various Projects will be reviewed on a regular basis and, beginning in 2023, the NSAAH and its Implementation Plan will be revised and renewed on a 5-year basis. At these intervals, and as national aquaculture development and aquatic biosecurity progresses through completion of Projects, new Programmes and Projects will be added. As an evolving and living document, the NSAAH will contain the national action plans for short-, medium- and long-term phased implementation based on national priorities.The 15 Programmes included in this NSAAH for 2021–2024 are: Programme 1: Policy, Legislation and Enforcement; Programme 2: Risk Analysis; Programme 3: National Aquatic Pathogen List; Programme 4: Border Inspection and Quarantine; Programme 5: Diagnostics; Programme 6: Farm-level Biosecurity and Health Management; Programme 7: Veterinary Drugs and Avoidance of Antimicrobial Resistance; Programme 8: Surveillance, Monitoring and Reporting; Programme 9: Communication and Information System; Programme 10: Emergency Preparedness and Contingency Planning; Programme 11: Research and Development; Programme 12: Institutional Structure (including Infrastructure); Programme 13: Human Resources and Institutional Capacity Development; Programme 14: Regional and International Cooperation; and Programme 15: Ecosystem Health.
The publication lays out a framework to develop and track high-quality learning activities for continuing education programmes in OH field epidemiology.
This publication offers recommendations for evaluating and certifying that training programme participants meet the minimum required competencies at the time of programme completion.
This report documents the accomplishments of the FAO Project TCP/MIC/3603/C2 – “National Aquatic Animal Health and Biosecurity Strategy” that was implemented in 2019 for the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). These include the following: (i) Round-table discussions on aquaculture development, biosecurity legislation, aquatic animal health and aquaculture biosecurity (21–22 May 2019); (ii) Technical Seminar on Basic Aquatic Animal Health and Aquaculture Biosecurity (23 May 2019); (iii) National Consultation on Aquaculture Development, Biosecurity Legislation, Aquatic Animal Health (24 May 2019); and (iv) Introductory training course on risk analysis within the Progressive Management Pathway for Improving Aquaculture Biosecurity (PMP/AB) (27–28 May 2019). The various activities undertaken during the field mission provided the basis for drafting the National Strategy on Aquatic Animal Health (NSAAH) and the National Aquatic Pathogen List (NAPL) for FSM. There is a need to conduct another round of national consultations in order to generate feedback prior to finalizing the documents and approval. The next step will be to incorporate them into the government’s policy documents and work with partners for joint resource mobilization to support implementation. The report also contains a list of recommendations that the Government of FSM should consider to improve capacities in aquatic animal health and aquaculture biosecurity.
Small ruminants are the main source of livelihood for the rural agropastoralists and are important assets in lowlands and highlands of Ethiopia. Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are a significant cause of reduced production and productivity to the pastoral communities in Ethiopia. TADs like Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), Sheep and Goat Pox (SGP) and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) have contributed to a high level of sheep and goat mortality, especially in lambs and kids. The “Pursuing pastoralist resilience through improved animal health service delivery” project implemented by FAO between 2014 and 2020, was designed to support the Government of Ethiopia in strengthening the surveillance system for most TADs. The project had a primary focus to implement a progressive control programme for Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR). The evaluation found that the project has advanced PPR control and eradication and that the country has the capability to continue this momentum for improved animal health and welfare services for the greater ambition to eradicate PPR across the country by 2027. However, ensuring the effectiveness and sustainability of future projects requires overcoming many difficulties. Challenges relating to government strategy, coordination, resources and more are assessed in this report.
Animal genetic resource diversity underpins the supply livestock products and services across a wide range of production environments. It promotes resilience and serves as a basis for adapting livestock management to changing conditions. It is vital to livelihoods of many of the world’s poor people. It can contribute to the delivery of ecosystem services such as landscape management and the maintenance of wildlife habitats. However, it is often undervalued, underused and under threat. This report updates the global assessment provided in the first report on The State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, published in 2007. It focuses particularly on changes that have occurred during the period since the first report was published. It serves as a basis for a review, and potential update, of the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources, which since 2007 has provided an agreed international framework for the management of livestock biodiversity. Drawing on 129 country reports, it presents an analysis of the state of livestock diversity, the influence of livestock-sector trends on the management of animal genetic resources, the state of capacity to manage animal genetic resources, including legal and policy frameworks, and the state of the art in tools and methods for characterization, valuation, use, development and conservation.
The first meeting of the GCC-FMD was organized virtually under the umbrella of the GF-TADs, by its FMD Working Group (WG), during 22-23 September 2021. The participants included representatives of 13 GCC-FMD Standing Member organizations, 10 Observers, representatives from the FAO and OIE regional offices, the representatives from FAO/OIE regional Reference Centres, the head of the FAO/OIE World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD, The Pirbright Institute, UK). The FMD-WG, is looking to this committee to guide in the final phase of the implementation of the FAO/OIE Global FMD Control Strategy, through sharing information and experiences, improving the alignment and coordination of regional initiatives with the FAO/OIE Global FMD control strategy and eventually developing a 5-year global FMD action plan. The overall purpose of the GCC-FMD is to: (i) Facilitate the implementation of the Global strategy as it is entering the final phase of its implementation; (ii) Enhance information exchange and coordination at regional level; (iii) Enable replication of success across regions. The Standing members elected the Chair (PANAFTOSA) and Co-chair (GFRA) for 3-year term (2021-2023). Ms. Maria Helena Semedo, Deputy Director General, FAO and Ms. Monique Eloit, Director General, OIE graced the opening session of the first meeting of the newly established GCC-FMD. The expected outcomes of the meeting were: (i) Better understanding of FMD dynamics and control strategies/initiatives at global, regional and national levels; (ii) Enhanced coordination and communication among the stakeholders to better implement the global FMD control strategy for significant impact; (iii) SWOT analysis of regional initiatives w.r.t the three components of the Global FMD control Strategy and identification of potential solutions; (iv) Identified next steps for the development of action plan for next phase of the global FMD control strategy; (v) Advocacy and better understanding of development partners and stakeholders on FMD control initiatives and their impact.
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) declared in 2011 the global eradication of rinderpest and resolved to implement follow-up measures to maintain world freedom from the disease. Rinderpest is the only animal disease that has been globally eradicated. The greatest risk for rinderpest (RP) re-emergence is the release, whether intentional or unintentional, of infectious material from a Rinderpest Holding Facility (RHF) among susceptible animal populations. The re-emergence of disease would be a global animal health emergency, leading to the loss of global disease freedom and threatening livelihoods, food security, international trade and national economies. The Global Rinderpest Action Plan (GRAP) aims to ensure continued global freedom from rinderpest by outlining the actions necessary to prepare for, respond to and recover from a RP outbreak.
In 2015 the World Health Assembly endorsed the Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance (GAP-AMR) calling on countries to develop, implement and monitor national action plans on AMR. In 2019, FAO, WHO and WOAH developed a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework for the GAP-AMRto track progress towards the plan’s five global objectives, designed with a One Health perspective and reflecting the cross-sectoral nature of AMR with indicators across human and animal health, plant and food production and the environment. Countries are expected to develop an M&E plan for their NAP, tailored to their context and priorities. This includes developing indicators appropriate to the country’s own circumstances, aligned with the proposed core indicators of the GAP-AMR M&E framework, as far as possible. This country M&E guidance document was developed as a reference for countries to support the development and delivery of AMR NAPs. It provides assistance on how to establish an M&E plan for their AMR NAP, building on existing national reporting systems and recommended indicators from the GAP-AMR M&E framework.
Animal identification and recording serves multiple purposes in a country’s livestock sector. It is a prerequisite to establish and operate any genetic improvement programme. It also contributes to animal traceability and disease control, as well as to deterring stock theft. Traceability of animals and their products helps to ensure the safety and quality of animal products, and contributes to enhance market access and to generate larger incomes for producers and other players in the value chain. Animal recording systems are therefore not just an information system but a powerful tool for livestock development and for contributing to global demands for food security and poverty alleviation. To make animal recording systems effective, they must be supported by appropriate public and private policies, and a legal and institutional framework. These multiple uses of animal identification and recording highlight the need to adopt multipurpose systems that integrates animal identification and registration, animal traceability, animal health information and performance recording. The FAO guidelines for development of integrated multipurpose animal recording systems have been prepared with the objective of helping countries to design and implement such systems and to maximize the chances that they will be sustained. These guidelines put performance recording in a more general context, and hence to complement rather than replace the previous FAO guidelines. These guidelines focus primarily upon the process rather than the methods and the technology (e.g. details of the equipment and measurements), since the latter is sufficiently covered by other guidelines. Where necessary, the guidelines are formulated to suit low or medium input production environments.
The global analysis report of the annual Tripartite AMR country self-assessment survey (TrACSS) is a component of a broader approach for monitoring and evaluating the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance (GAP-AMR). This report summarizes global responses from the fourth round of the TrACSS, held from November 2019 to July 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the response rates for the 2019–2020 TrACSS around were 11.8% lower than the previous year. A total of 136 (70.1%) countries out of 194 WHO Member States responded to the 2019–2020 TrACSS, compared to 159 out of 194 (81.9%) in 2018–2019.
The livestock sector faces a range of challenges, including climate change, emerging diseases, competition for natural resources and evolving demand for animal-source foods, which is increasing globally, especially in developing countries. Genetic diversity of livestock is a key resource for allowing livestock keepers to address these challenges, but this diversity has been in a state of decline. The diminishing genetic diversity thus represents yet another obstacle for sustainable livestock production. Cryoconservation (i.e. ex situ – in vitro conservation) of genetic resources through gene banking provides one of the most powerful tools governments and other stakeholders have to manage genetic diversity in both the short and long term and thereby provide future generations with the tools to meet the challenges ahead. Gene banking genetic resources fits within the context of the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources, which was developed and adopted by FAO Member Nations. Specifically, Strategic Priority 9 of the Global Plan of Action is “Establish or strengthen ex situ conservation programmes” and Strategic Priority 11 urges countries to “Develop approaches and technical standards for conservation. To assist countries in the implementation the Global Plan of Action, FAO worked with experts from around the world to prepare technical guidelines. In 2012 FAO published FAO Guidelines on Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources.Gene banking is a long-term effort that needs to be viewed in terms of decades rather than years, as demonstrated by similar systems for agricultural crops. The responsibility for establishing such resources lies squarely within governments’ roles of providing public goods and food security. Gene banking of animal genetic resources is a technology-intense undertaking and the associated technologies are in a continual state of research and development. The livestock sector also continues to evolve rapidly. Since the development and release of the previous guidelines, numerous changes have taken place. Critical among these is a greater appreciation of the opportunities for actively utilizing cryopreserved material to enhance management of in vivo populations, rather than as simply an “insurance policy” to protect breeds against extinction.This key development has led to further changes in gene bank management. First, interaction with users of the stored material has increased. This in turn has created a need to involve stakeholders more closely in the management of genetic collections and to better monitor and document the processes of gene banking to ensure quality management.
Both Penaeus vannamei and P. stylirostris are introduced species in Asia and the Pacific. They have now become important commercial shrimp species in many countries in Asia. The main reason behind the importation of P. vannamei to Asia has been the perceived poor performance, slow growth rate and disease susceptibility of the major indigenous cultured shrimp species, P. chinensis in China and P. monodon virtually everywhere else. However, for many reasons, particularly with the evidence of the introduction of exotic viruses to the region, there has been caution on the part of many Asian governments for the introduction of P. vannamei and P. stylirostris. Nevertheless, this caution has not been demonstrated by the private sector, which has been bringing stocks of illegal and often disease carrying P. vannamei into Asia from many locations, as well as moving infected stocks within Asia. The commercial success of these introductions, despite disease problems, has allowed the development of substantial culture industries for these alien penaeids within Asia, particularly in China and Thailand. One effect of this is that it is rapidly becoming difficult to control the importation and development of this new industry. This report attempts to gather all of the currently available data on the extent of P. vannamei and P. stylirostris importation and culture in Asia, its potential problems and benefits, and in this way to serve as a source document from which to investigate further means by which control over this issue might be re-established. Recommendations aimed at controlling the importation, testing and culture of these species have been made for all levels and are included in this report.--Publisher's description.
This white paper aims to provide Northern and Southern Development partners and decision-makers with a better understanding of a) why spillover of disease from wildlife to humans occurs, and why these zoonotic disease outbreaks can spread and become epidemics and pandemics such as COVID-19 and b) what they can do to prevent, detect and respond to future spillover events, with a special focus on priority interventions at the human-wildlife-livestock interfaces. It has been produced as part of the Sustainable Wildlife Management (SWM) Programme, which will deliver critical lessons on how to prevent, detect and respond to future spillover events with appropriate national and transboundary policies and practices in the context of the SWM partner sites. The SWM Programme is a major international initiative to improve the conservation and sustainable use of wildlife in forest, savannah and wetland ecosystems. Field projects are being implemented in 13 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. The aim is to: improve how wildlife hunting is regulated; increase the supply of sustainably produced meat products and farmed fish; strengthen the management capacities of indigenous and rural communities; and reduce demand for wild meat, particularly in towns and cities. It is being implemented by a dynamic consortium of four partners with expertise in wildlife conservation and food security: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD) and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS).For more information, please visit the SWM Programme website: www.swm-programme.info.
The International FAO Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring (InFARM) system is an FAO flagship initiative, supporting countries in collecting, collating, analysing, visualizing, and effectively utilizing their AMR monitoring and surveillance data primarily from livestock, fisheries, and aquaculture, along with their associated food products. [Author] InFARM empowers countries to generate reliable evidence to measure the extent of AMR in animals and food, at local, regional, and global scales, filling critical gaps in AMR data within agrifood systems. [Author] This document introduces the InFARM system, provides the FAO's roadmap for implementation over the coming years, and serves as a guide for country officials, offering a step-by-step approach to support the implementation of InFARM. [Author] It provides specific steps and recommendations to guide national focal points in mobilizing country participation through the collection and sharing of available AMR data, along with information on the status of implementation of monitoring and surveillance activities. [Author] Through the InFARM system, FAO invites its Members to establish and strengthen operational national AMR surveillance systems. [Author]
This Regional Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Monitoring and Surveillance Guidelines Volume 1 provides guidance in the development of AMR surveillance plan for food-borne bacteria, underscoring the key elements for harmonized AMR data generation, data collation and reporting of findings, while taking into consideration the standing context of the region. It aims to provide guidelines on the harmonized scheme for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and laboratory-based monitoring for AMR.
These guidelines cover the transportation process for cattle, pigs, goats, sheep and poultry, with an emphasis on land transportation, following two guidelines on Climate-smart livestock and Backyard farming and slaughtering (FAO, 2021a; 2021b). It also examines how pre-slaughter treatment, stunning and slaughter can compromise animal welfare by exposing livestock to conditions that result in pain, fear and distress. The guidelines do not cover further processing once death has been confirmed. Live animals have been traded for thousands of years, from a simple exchange of animals between neighbours to modern trade in animals over vast distances. The nature of commercial livestock production and trade is such that livestock, at some point, undergo transportation from the farm of birth to a finishing system; to and from markets; to the abattoir or place of slaughter. Livestock production systems in Asia and the Pacific are becoming increasingly stratified, with several livestock movements or transfers between production and slaughter, however the vast majority of livestock are still farmed in a traditional manner. Reducing the number of steps and planning animal movement carefully can reduce the risk to animal health, animal welfare and foodborne disease. Reducing duration and frequency of transportation, whilst optimizing transportation conditions (and therefore improving animal welfare outcomes) will also invariably reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Transportation is potentially hazardous for animals, regardless of whether travel is between or within countries, or by road, rail, air or sea. However, there are ways in which we can identify risks to animal welfare, and suggest suitable alternative conditions which would result in acceptable animal welfare outcomes.
The 2018 FAO-OIE-WHO (Tripartite) zoonoses guide, “Taking A Multisectoral, One Health Approach: A Tripartite Guide to Addressing Zoonotic Diseases in Countries” (2018 TZG) is being jointly developed to provide member countries with practical guidance on OH approaches to build national mechanisms for multisectoral coordination, communication, and collaboration to address zoonotic disease threats at the animal-human-environment interface. The 2018 TZG updates and expands on the guidance in the one previous jointly-developed, zoonoses-specific guidance document: the 2008 Tripartite “Zoonotic Diseases: A Guide to Establishing Collaboration between Animal and Human Health Sectors at the Country Level”, developed in WHO South-East Asia Region and Western Pacific Region. The 2018 TZG supports building by countries of the resilience and capacity to address emerging and endemic zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza, rabies, Ebola, and Rift Valley fever, as well as food-borne diseases and antimicrobial resistance, and to minimize their impacts on health, livelihoods, and economies. It additionally supports country efforts to implement WHO International Health Regulations (2005) and OIE international standards, to address gaps identified through external and internal health system evaluations, and to achieve targets of the Sustainable Development Goals. The 2018 TZG provides relevant country ministries and agencies with lessons learned and good practices identified from country-level experiences in taking OH approaches for preparedness, prevention, detection and response to zoonotic disease threats, and provides guidance on multisectoral communication, coordination, and collaboration. It informs on regional and country-level OH activities and relevant unisectoral and multisectoral tools available for countries to use.
For decades, the livestock debate has focused on how to increase production in a sustainable manner. However, the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has shifted the emphasis from fostering sustainable production per se, to enhancing the contribution of the sector to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This publication examines the sector’s interaction with each of these Goals, as well as the potential synergies, trade-offs, and complex interlinkages. This global report is intended to serve as a reference framework that Member States and stakeholders can use as they engage in the transformation process of the livestock sector towards sustainability. It calls for an integrated approach towards livestock sustainable development, highlights the effective adaptation of the SDGs into specific and targeted national policy action as the major challenge ahead, and flags the steps in the implementation road map.
Many national legal frameworks still do not include laws and measures specifically intended to tackle climate change in the agriculture sectors. However, national laws and institutional frameworks are necessary for good governance and can operate to support the implementation of national policy and international commitments, including on climate change. Indeed, Target 16.3 of the Sustainable Development Goals calls for the promotion of the rule of law, and the assurance of equal access to justice for all. This is both an important stand-alone goal and an enabling goal for the realization of the transformative 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Furthermore, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) sees appropriately designed, informed and responsive national legal and institutional frameworks as key to supporting the implementation of countries’ commitments under the 2015 Paris Agreement, as well as their Nationally Determined Contribution in the food, agriculture and natural resources sectors. Climate change presents multiple challenges and it cannot be addressed effectively in silos. Attention must be paid not only to specific agriculture sectors, but also to governance areas that are interconnected with agriculture, such as public spending and investment, social protection and rural development. Efforts should be coordinated with the engagement of civil society, including the legal profession, vulnerable groups and the private sector.This Study addresses the principal expressions of the food and agriculture sector (crops and livestock agriculture, forestry and fisheries), looking at the critical cross-cutting issues and their integration into agriculture law. It provides a comprehensive overview of the legal and institutional issues to consider when working towards preparing the agriculture sector for the challenges of climate change.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global threat to humans, animals, plants, food systems and the environment. Without investment and commitments from countries globally to address this challenge, AMR will continue unabated. The Antimicrobial Resistance Multi-Partner Trust Fund (AMR MPTF) has successfully begun the essential work to address this challenge. With the overall goal of “having reduced levels of AMR and slower development of resistance” in 10 years’ time, the AMR MPTF has seen, in 2021, the initial steps towards this goal, with capacity built in 8 countries, and coordinated steppingstones under the global programme. Despite continuous restrictions caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, throughout 2021 collaboration between the Quadripartite organizations – the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) – sustained strong implementation progress at global, regional and country level. Progress against the overarching AMR MPTF results matrix is now being reported for the first time. This was possible through the financial partnership of the Governments of Netherlands, the United Kingdom (using UK aid funding through the Fleming Fund), Sweden (including through the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency – Sida) as well as Germany (through the German Agency for International Cooperation – GIZ).
The guidelines provide a regional overview of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance in aquaculture, including the importance of harmonizing methodologies across the region (Chapter 1). The guidelines also cover approaches to the design of AMR surveillance in aquaculture, from identifying the target population to sampling considerations (Chapter 2). Sample consideration and transport are described in detail, following standing methodologies for disease surveillance in aquaculture (Chapter 3). The laboratory methods are described, from general principles to specific methodologies (Chapter 4). Finally, the guidelines also describe AMR data management including collection, storage, analysis, and presentation (Chapter 5). While Volume 3 provides guidance for carrying out AMR monitoring and surveillance in aquaculture, the other areas in the AMR surveillance framework are covered in the respective volumes of this regional guideline series: Volume 1 (Monitoring and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from healthy food animals intended for consumption), Volume 2 (Monitoring and surveillance in animal pathogens recovered from diseased livestock); Volume 4 (Monitoring bacterial resistance in the animal environment) that will focus on monitoring AMR in bacteria from agriculture settings (such as manure and slurry in livestock farms and aquatic environments), Volume 5 (Monitoring antimicrobial usage in animals at the farm level) and Volume 6 (Monitoring antimicrobial residues in food). Experts from FAO, the Singapore Food Agency and the Singapore National Parks Board led the writing of this volume.
The ecosystem approach to aquaculture provides the conceptual guideline to spatial planning and management. This publication describes the three major steps in spatial planning and management, namely, zoning, site selection and design of an aquaculture management area, or AMA. The rationale for and objectives of each step, the ways (methodologies) to implement it, and the means (tools) that are available to enable a methodology are described in a stepwise fashion. Recommendations to practitioner s and policy-makers are provided. A separate policy brief accompanies this paper. The benefits from spatial planning and management are numerous and include higher productivity and returns for investors, and more effective mitigation of environmental, economic and social risks, the details of which are provided in this paper. This publication is organized in two parts. Part one is the “Guidance”; it is the main body of the document and describes the processes and steps for spatial planning, incl uding aquaculture zoning, site selection and area management. Part two of the publication includes six annexes that present key topics, including: (i) binding and non-legally binding international instruments, which set the context for sustainable national aquaculture; (ii) biosecurity zoning; (iii) aquaculture certification and zonal management; (iv) an overview of key tools and models that can be used to facilitate and inform the spatial planning process; (v) case studies from ten countries – Brazil, Chile, China, Indonesia, Mexico, Oman, the Philippines, Turkey, Uganda and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; and (vi) a workshop report. The country case studies illustrate key aspects of the implementation of spatial planning and management at the national level, but mostly within local contexts.
This overview of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) situation and risks looks into unexplained jumps in infection rates, the economic consequences of FMD outbreak, and new outbreaks in South Asia and Near East.
This report presents the implementation activities and results of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Project FMM/RAS/298/MUL: Strengthening capacities, policies, and national action plans on prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials in fisheries. The objectives of this project were to develop and/or enhance the knowledge, skills and capacity of the participating Competent Authorities on fisheries and aquaculture, as well as to assist them in the development and implementation of policies and national action plans (NAPs) on the prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials. The project enhanced the capacities of national Competent Authority (technical specialists, inspection and laboratory staff) to enable productive engagement with other lead agencies (e.g. the World Health Organization [WHO], national agriculture, food safety and animal health authorities), particularly with respect to their aquaculture and fish food safety component contributions to the NAP and the integration of the aquatic sector within the One Health framework. The report also briefly summarizes the recent actions and activities taken by FAO related to AMR in aquaculture since the completion of this project, including awareness raising targeting policymakers and aquaculture stakeholders, relevant publications, candidate reference centers and other ongoing projects to date.
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