In recent days, there is an active discussion on the size of the social welfare expenditures. We need to evaluate first on the efficiency of current fiscal expenditure, because the source of the government expenditure is mostly financed by tax. Specifically, we need to investigate whether the expenditure properly attain its original objective, the effectiveness of the short- and long-term expenditures, and the appropriateness of the size of the government expenditures. In this research, we investigated the burden of net-tax by income decile group. The net tax is defined as the difference between taxes and benefits. A micro-simulation model for the tax-benefit model is started to be developed with the basis of this research. Major findings can be summarized as follows. The overall average amount of the market income per month is 3,430 thousand Won. The monthly amount for the first income decile is 210 thousand Won, 2,830 Won for the fifth dcecile, and 8,920 thousand Won for the richest decile. Private transfer varies according to the income decile groups. It is 100 thousand Won for the first decile group, 110 thosand Won for the fifth decile group, and 220 thousand Won for the tenth income decile group. On the other hand, the public transfers are heavily concentrated on the lowest income decile group. 380 thousand Won per month for the lowest income decile group. 220 thousand Won for the second lowest income decile group, 130 thousand Won for the third income decile group. For the richest income decile, the amount of the public transfer per month is only 60 thousand Won per month. Thanks to the public transfers, the total income from the lowest income decile group tose to 800 thousand Won, and 1,610 won for the second income decile group. The amount of the public transfer decreases as the income increase, it is clear that the public transfers serve as a useful policy instrument for the income redistribution. Regarding income tax burden, the overall burden per household is 130 thousand Won per household. By income deciile, it is zero or very close to zero for the income decile up to the foth decile group, but the tenth (richest) income decile group paid 400 thousand Won per month. These figures are close to Sung Myong-jae et al. (2010) but slightly lower than those of Park Ki-baek (2010). One reason why we have this kind of result is due to the fact that almost lower half of the workers are not paying income taxes. For the social security burden is concerned, the average burden per month is 350 thousand Won. It is 30 thousand Won for the lowest income decile group, 60 thousand Won for the second decile group, and the highest income decile group pays 420 thousand Won per month. The average magnitude for the disposable income is 3,360 thousand Won per month. It is 750 thousand Won for the lowest income decile, 1,530 thousand Won for the second lowest income decile group, 2,920 thousand Won for the fifth income decile group, and 3,360 thousand Won for the highest income decile group. The overall burden for the value-added tax is 180 thousand Won per month. 80 thousand Won for the lowest income decile group, 110 thousand Won for the second lowest income group, 170 thousand Won for the fifth decile group, and 330 thousand Won for the highest income decile group. The benefit distribution of the in-kind social benefits by decile can be summarized as follows: 320 thousand Won for the lowest income decile group, 290 thousand Won for the second lowest income deciles group, whereas the amount for the fifth income decile and above is 510-570 thousand Won and is quite stable. CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Objevtives and Organization CHAPTER 2 Summary of Previous Literatiure 2.1 Analysis of Pure Public Goods 2.2 Summary of Previous Literature? 2.3 Tax-Benefit Model CHAPTER 3 Data and Methodology 3.1 Analysis of the Distribution of Tax Burden 3.2 Analysis of the Distribution of Benefits CHAPTER 4 Analysis of Net Tax Burden 4.1 Analysis of the Tax Burden by Income Decile 4.2 Progressivity and Horizontal Equity of tax 4.3 Analysis of Net tax Burden CHAPTER 5 Summary and Implications? 5.1 Summary of Findings 5.2 Implications and Future Direction Reference
Learn at home with help from the education experts at The Princeton Review! 1ST GRADE AT HOME provides simple, guided lessons and activities that parents can use to help keep 1st graders on track this year. Anxious about remote learning and hybrid schooling? Worried that the unique circumstances around coronavirus and education might keep your child from getting the help they need in class this year? Want to help support your child's schooling, but not sure where to start? You're not alone! 1ST GRADE AT HOME is a parent guide to supporting your child's learning, with help you can undertake from home. It provides: · Guided help for key 1st grade reading and math topics · Skills broken into short, easy-to-accomplish lessons · Explanations for parents, plus independent question sets for kids · Fun at-home learning activities for each skill that use common household items · Parent tips, review sections, and challenge activities seeded throughout the book The perfect mix of parent guidance, practical lessons, and hands-on activities to keep kids engaged and up-to-date, 1ST GRADE AT HOME covers key grade-appropriate topics including: · letters and sounds · compounds and contractions · early reading comprehension · numbers and place value · addition and subtraction · fact families · patterns and shapes ... and more!
The Sanctimonious Psychoproctological Invasions By: The Reverend Dr. Len Bergantino, ED. D, PH.D. From 2012 through 2018, Len Bergantino began each day with pro bono writings and invasive interventions that insist and expand upon the first amendment rights of United States citizens. In all areas, he is both knowledgeable and feels national, state, and local governments are stuck in socially immobile positions. He created ways to invade entire cultures and governments to move those stuck in quicksand off the dime and into a society that spirals upward. He refers to the creation of these methods as sanctimonious psychoproctological invasions in the creation of a political psychology that should be studies by all human beings who want to make a difference and give meaning to their lives.
Renowned for its international coverage and rigorous selection procedures, this series provides the most comprehensive and scholarly bibliographic service available in the social sciences. Arranged by topic and indexed by author, subject and place-name, each bibliography lists and annotates the most important works published in its field during the year of 1997, including hard-to-locate journal articles. Each volume also includes a complete list of the periodicals consulted.
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