Provides an in-depth coverage of TV White Space Technology (TVWS) and the various challenges of its new innovations This book covers the full spectrum of TVWS technology including regulations, technology, standardizations, and worldwide deployments. It begins with an introduction to cognitive radio and TVWS. The regulation activities in TVWS throughout North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific are covered in depth. After a discussion of regulations, the authors examine the standardizations developed to specify the enabling technologies of TVWS systems. The following chapter focuses on the key technologies that differentiate TVWS from a conventional wireless communication system. Describes various worldwide use cases and deployments based on the needs of the consumers Covers IEEE 802.19.1, IEEE 802.22, IEEE 802.11af, IEEE 802.15.4m, and IETF protocol for Accessing White Spaces Studies the market and commercial potential of TVWS and other spectrum sharing technologies Discusses technological trends in spectrum sharing and additional applications that could leverage on TVWS and other spectrum sharing technologies TV White Space: The First Step Towards Better Utilization of Frequency Spectrum is written for telecommunications/networks operators, researchers, engineers, government regulators, technical managers, and network equipment manufacturers.
Ever since I was born, my life has been weird and cold. People in the village say that my life is not good and I won't live for more than 20 years.When I was six years old, I accidentally broke into a cemetery, and somehow, I had formed a Yin affinity with the big BOSS among the evil spirits.When I was 21, a male ghost came looking for me, wanting to be compatible with me. Because we were already engaged, that male ghost didn't succeed.The big BOSS also felt the danger of letting me live in the mortal world and decided to marry me as soon as possible.I didn't die. I returned to school as usual, but because the Yin Qi s on my body had attracted all kinds of male ghost, they kept on pestering me ...
This book features the major research advances on integrated networking, caching, and computing. Information-centric networking-based caching is one of the promising techniques for future networks. The cloud computing paradigm has been widely adopted to enable convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources. In addition, fog/edge computing is proposed to deploy computing resources closer to end devices. From the perspective of applications, network, cache and compute are underlying enabling resources. How to manage, control and optimize these resources can have significant impacts on application performance.
The female owner, Li, had transmigrated into the body of the ugly daughter of the Prime Minister of the Great Phoenix Empire. Her survival was not easy and she had unintentionally become involved in the power struggle.
Having offended Uncle Hua Xin by coincidence, Lin Xiyue embarked on a road of no return.This man's life was like a peach blossom. It was his first love, and also his fiancee. Even her elder sister was taken away!As the saying goes, a CEO shouldn't be used to it. The more one gets used to it, the more one becomes a bastard.Lin Xiyue clenched her teeth, closed her eyes, and decisively kicked it!"What?" You're too ashamed to meet me? "Hehe, I didn't expect the CEO to have such a strong side to it ...
An ideal starting point for anyone wanting to learn about next generation wireless networks Gives important insights into the design of wireless IP networks Illustrates the standards and network architectures defined by leading standards bodies (including MWIF, 3GPP and 3GPP2) Discusses protocols in four key areas: signaling, mobility, quality of service, and security The authors have a good deal of experience in this field, and have many patents pending in the area of wireless networking
After holding it in for 25 years, Wei Wangyang finally mustered up the courage to face his orientation and decided to start a real relationship. When he finally entered the company that he had been yearning for for for a long time, he saw the cold senior student who pretended not to know him even after he had destroyed the field. It wasn't easy for him to wait until the company went bankrupt, then he could go home and ignore the man that had tortured him for so long. However, that man once again became the landlord, allowing him to move out ... OMG! What sort of evil fate was this? Wei Wangyang slapped his hands together and bellowed: "Great! This old man is not a pushover!" You will pay me back double for bullying me!. No money? If you don't have any money, I'll use you to repay your debt!
The faster the climb, the further the fall. Arthur Chua has conquered the first floor of the Tower, but his journey is far from over. With his new ally Casey Chin by his side, he's got a real chance of building the Clan. The problem is, their alliance hinges on one factor: speed. Arthur and his Benevolent Durians must climb with Casey, as fast as possible to get her a speed run bonus. But the Tower remains as treacherous as ever, growing more dangerous with every step. The Durians will need to balance their ascent speed with their cultivation progress if they hope to succeed. Survival is no longer the only goal—it's a speed run to the top, and the stakes have never been higher. Climbing the Ranks is an epic fantasy series set in a tower, similar to the Tower of Gods and Solo Leveling. Written by bestselling author Tao Wong, his other series include the System Apocalypse, A Thousand Li, Hidden Wishes and Adventures on Brad series.
All Gifts Have Prices, All Choices Consequences. In the land of Brad, Classes are how people survive and grow. Shifting from Class to Class, studying and expanding ones skills and leveling up is the way to progress. Amongst the Classes are the Adventurers, brave souls who delve into the Dungeons emplaced by Erlis, high goddess to cleanse the corruption in her veins. Without cleansing, the monsters formed from the corruption will spill out into the world, causing untold danger and damage. Amongst the populace though, there are a few Gifted. Individuals who have been given a special ability by Erlis herself. Each Gift allows the user to extend their abilities beyond the norm, though its use often has a Price. For Daniel Chai, Gifted with the ability to heal all wounds, his life has always been a struggle. Caught between duty to humanity and friends and his own desire to be an Adventurer, he treads a delicate path. But fate, and Erlis, have their own designs. His choices will affect the fate of the kingdom eventually, if he is willing to pay the Price. This is complete set of the Adventures on Brad series: - A Healer's Gift - An Adventurer's Heart - A Dungeon's Soul - The Arena's Call - The Adventurer's Bond - The Forest's Silence - The Guild's Demands - A Capital's Perils - A Royal Ending
Classical Chinese is the most comprehensive and authoritative textbook on the language, literature, philosophy, history, and religion of premodern China. Rigorously and extensively field-tested and fine-tuned for years in classroom settings, it sets a new standard for the field. Originally published in three volumes, Classical Chinese appears here in one convenient and easy-to-use volume. Classical Chinese contains forty selections from texts written between the fifth century BC and the first century AD, during which the classical Chinese language was fully developed and standardized. These passages, which express key themes in Chinese humor, wit, wisdom, moral conviction, and political ideals, are arranged in the order of complexity of the grammatical patterns they exemplify. Uniquely, each text is translated into both modern Chinese and English. A detailed glossary defines unfamiliar terms and names found in the first part of the textbook, and the last section features in-depth grammatical analyses, in which every sentence in the main selections is fully diagrammed to show the grammatical relations between their various parts. Corresponding exercises review and reinforce the materials. Four supplementary volumes—an introduction to grammar, readings in poetry and prose, selected historical texts, and selected philosophical texts—are separately available for use in conjunction with this basic reader. Classical Chinese provides a definitive resource for students and instructors of classical Chinese language and culture.
The World Changes. Dreams Don't. Mystical towers changed the world twenty years ago. Now, Arthur Chua faces the beginner tower in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, looking to change his destiny. What was once a puzzling mystery has become a necessary part of economic growth. Climbing the Tower is the only form of escape available for one like Arthur, without money or connections. He's not looking to be a hero or famous, just a survivor. Fate, on the other hand, has other plans for him. At long last, the reason for the arrival of the Towers will be revealed, and humanity will once again experience a seismic shift when the truth appears. Of course, Arthur's going to have to survive long enough for that to happen... Climbing the Ranks is a LitRPG Cultivation series set in a tower, similar to the Tower of Gods and Solo Leveling. Written by bestselling author Tao Wong, his other series include the System Apocalypse, A Thousand Li, Hidden Wishes and Adventures on Brad series.
They all talk about all sorts of gossip in the entertainment circle, but do you really know everything about the entertainment circle? I also don't know much about the real entertainment industry, but I am very clear about the details of the various portraits and unwritten rules! None of this is as simple as you think! The waters of this circle are deeper than you think, and I know all this because I suspect that my actress' wife, wearing the green hat, has been following me all the way to discover the deepest secrets of the actress!
Daniel Chai only ever wanted to be an Adventurer. Born with a Gift of Healing that steals his memories and past experiences as its fuel source, Daniel must weigh his heart's desire with his gift as he attempts to clear his first ever dungeon. Along the way, he'll meet true friends like the Catkin Asin and the Northerner Omrak as he learns what it truly takes to be a professional Adventurer in Brad. The Adventures on Brad is a light fantasy novel set in a LitRPG world where everyone is born with a Status Screen and Classes. The book contains a healer, an enthusiastic barbarian, a grouchy Catkin, an elf, a dungeon, silly quests and loads of combat. This work collects the first arc of Adventures of Daniel and friends in Karlak and the Beginner Dungeon. The work includes books 1 - 3: - A Healer's Gift - An Adventurer's Heart - A Dungeon's Soul
Green communications is a very hot topic. As mobile networks evolve in terms of higher rates/throughput, a consequent impact on operating costs is due to (aggregate) network energy consumption. As such, design on 4G networks and beyond have increasingly started to focus on `energy efficiency’ or so-called ‘green’ networks. Many techniques and solutions have been proposed to enhance the energy efficiency of mobile networks, yet no book has provided an in-depth analysis of the energy consumption issues in mobile networks nor has detailed theories, tools and solutions for solving the energy efficiency problems. This book presents the techniques and solutions for enhancing energy efficiency of future mobile networks, and consists of three major parts. The first part presents a general description of mobile network evolution in terms of both capacity and energy efficiency. The second part discusses the advanced techniques to green mobile networks. The third part discusses the solutions that enhance mobile network energy efficiency as well as provides future directions. Whilst the reader is expected to have basic knowledge of wireless communications, the authors present a brief introduction of the evolution of mobile networks, providing the knowledge base for understanding the content of the book. In addition, complicated network problems are illustrated using simple examples. This will help the reader understand the concept and intuition of various techniques and solutions. Incorporates the latest research results from both academia and industry, providing an up-to-date overview of existing technologies and solutions on making mobile networks greener Consists of three sections with a gradually increasing technical depth on green mobile networks, providing the reader with a systematic view of the research area, and helping those with different technical backgrounds to better understand the content Covers existing enabling technologies for green mobile networking, including an innovative discussion of state-of-the-art solutions and algorithms
This book presents both the fundamentals concepts and latestachievements of a field that is growing in importance since itrepresents a possible solution for global energy problems. It focuses on an atomic-level understanding ofheterogeneous catalysis involved in important energy conversionprocesses. It presents a concise picture for the entire areaof heterogeneous catalysis with vision at the atomic- and nano-scales, from synthesis, ex-situ and in-situ characterization,catalytic activity and selectivity, to mechanistic understandingbased on experimental exploration and theoretical simulation. The book: Addresses heterogeneous catalysis, one of the crucialtechnologies employed within the chemical and energyindustries Presents the recent advances in the synthesis andcharacterization of nanocatalysts as well as a mechanisticunderstanding of catalysis at atomic level for important processesof energy conversion Provides a foundation for the potential design ofrevolutionarily new technical catalysts and thus the furtherdevelopment of efficient technologies for the global energyeconomy Includes both theoretical studies and experimentalexploration Is useful as both a textbook for graduate and undergraduatestudents and a reference book for scientists and engineers inchemistry, materials science, and chemical engineering
Expectation conceals the truth. Noblewoman and cultivator Li Yao is called to a small village to investigate a mysterious illness that has drained residents of their chi. Accompanying her are her suitors Xiang An and Shen Wei, both more trouble than they're worth in Li Yao's eyes. Perhaps not all is as it seems. In the village and her suitors. This is a short story set in the A Thousand Li universe. Does not need to be read to follow the main series.
As the first book to introduce and analyze cultural studies in contemporary China, this volume is an important resource for Western scholars wishing to understand the rise and development of cultural studies in China. Organized according to subject, it includes extensive material examining the relationships between culture and politics, as well as culture and institutions in contemporary China. Further, it discusses the development of cultural debates.
She opened her eyes again and found that she had arrived in another world. She had accidentally entered the Grand General's daughter's body and became a family of generals. Afterwards, she and her husband had participated in the cruel battle at court ...
Some Adventures Begin and End Small Life after the Apocalypse is one daily grind after another. It's a good thing for Wendy that she's got friends. A lot of friends as a fairy summoner. But life in Exeter is not easy, even for a summoner and the grind of daily jobs and never-ending quests is getting to her. She's got one shot at getting a place for her own, a place of safety and maybe getting ahead. But it'll require Wendy to do the one thing she swore she'd never do again. Fight monsters. This is a short in the System Apocalypse universe and is approximately 4,000 words long featuring a new character in Exeter, UK.
If there was someone in the world who could change fate for you, it was only because he wanted you to do something you regretted the most. Are you willing to accept it?
Part memoir, part history, part journalistic exposé, Trip is a look at psychedelic drugs, literature, and alienation from one of the twenty-first century's most innovative novelists--The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test for a new generation. A Vintage Original. While reeling from one of the most creative--but at times self-destructive--outpourings of his life, Tao Lin discovered the strange and exciting work of Terence McKenna. McKenna, the leading advocate of psychedelic drugs since Timothy Leary, became for Lin both an obsession and a revitalizing force. In Trip, Lin's first book-length work of nonfiction, he charts his recovery from pharmaceutical drugs, his surprising and positive change in worldview, and his four-year engagement with some of the hardest questions: Why do we make art? Is the world made of language? What happens when we die? And is the imagination more real than the universe? In exploring these ideas and detailing his experiences with psilocybin, DMT, salvia, and cannabis, Lin takes readers on a trip through nature, his own past, psychedelic culture, and the unknown.
This book contains material from the lecture courses conducted at the Theoretical Advanced Study Institute (TASI, Colorado, USA) on high energy physics and cosmology in 2008. Three series of lectures are presented in parallel in the areas of Large Hadron Collider (LHC) phenomenology and experimentation; advanced theoretical topics beyond the standard model; and neutrino oscillation, astroparticle physics and cosmology. The phenomenology lectures cover a broad spectrum of standard research techniques used to interpret present-day and LHC data. The new physics lectures focus on modern speculations about physics beyond the standard model, with an emphasis on supersymmetry, grand unification theories, extra-dimensional theories, and string phenomenology, which may be tested at the LHC. The lecture series on neutrino physics, astroparticle physics and cosmology treats recent developments in neutrino oscillations, theories and searches of dark matter and dark energy, cosmic microwave background radiation, and density perturbation theory. The lectures are of pedagogical nature in presentation, and are accessible to advanced graduate students and researchers in high energy physics and cosmology.
Driven by the increasing demand for capacity and Quality of Service in wireless cellular networks and motivated by the distributed antenna system, the authors proposed a cooperative communication architecture—Group Cell architecture, which was initially brought forward in 2001. Years later, Coordinated Multiple-Point Transmission and Reception (CoMP) for LTE-Advanced was put forward in April 2008, as a tool to improve the coverage of cells having high data rates, the cell-edge throughput and/or to increase system throughput. This book mainly focuses on the Group Cell architecture with multi-cell generalized coordination, Contrast Analysis between Group Cell architecture and CoMP, Capacity Analysis, Slide Handover Strategy, Power Allocation schemes of Group Cell architecture to mitigate the inter-cell interference and maximize system capacity and the trial network implementation and performance evaluations of Group Cell architecture.
Four experienced teachers of beginning Chinese have developed this introductory textbook. A pilot edition has been tested widely in classrooms and refined over a period of years. Among its salient features are lessons that are lively, amusing, and relevant to everyday life: concentrated training of ear and tongue in the sound system of Chinese; extensive grammar notes, clearly presented, with attention to mistakes English-speakers are likely to make; a carefully sequenced character workbook embodying a new and effective approach to the learning of Chinese characters; and audiovisual reinforcement via a complete set of audiotapes and two videotapes, one of which offers entertaining dramatizations of the lesson dialogues. The Chinese Primer is available in two versions, one using the GR system of romanization, which employs different spellings instead of diacritical marks for different tones, the other using Pinyin romanization. The contents of the four volumes are as follows: (1) Blue Book [Lessons]: Introduction; foundation work on pronunciation; lesson dialogues in romanized Chinese and English; appendices; glossary-index. (2) Red Book [ Notes and Exercises ]: Vocabularies; grammar notes and culture notes keyed to the lessons; exercises. (3) Yellow Book [Character Workbook]: workbook. (4) Green Book [Pinyin Character Text]: Texts of the lessons in both traditional and simplified Chinese characters, and a Chinese introduction for teachers. The first three volumes: Blue Book, Red Book, and Yellow Book are sold as a set (GR Set or Pinyin Set). In addition, the GR Blue Book [Lessons], GR Red Book [ Notes and Exercises ], and GR Yellow Book [Character Workbook] , along with the Pinyin Green Book [Pinyin Character Text], along with the Pinyin Green Book [Pinyin Character Text] are sold separately. The GR Audio and video materials are available from the Chinese Linguistics Project at Princeton University for use with this text. These supplementary materials are not published by Princeton University Press. For further information and prices, contact the Chinese Linguistics Project, 231 Palmer Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. 08544. (609-258-4269).
Can An Adventurer and a Prince Be Friends? And can a Prince be an Adventurer? Those questions consume Daniel and his team, as their newest member tries to fit in. It's not an easy job, not among a bunch of experienced Adventurers, not when the Prince is impetuous and impatient to prove himself. More than that, as they train, political forces long held in abeyance move in the shadows and Daniel and his team will be caught up in the play. In the end, Daniel will have to ask himself, how much will he sacrifice for a friend and fellow Adventurer? A Royal Ending is the final book in the Adventurers on Brad series, concluding the LitRPG young adult fantasy written by bestselling author Tao Wong. Author of the System Apocalypse, A Thousand Li and the Hidden Wishes series, the Adventures on Brad features a gifted healer, a Catkin, a Northern barbarian warrior and noble intrigues in a LitRPG-inspired fantasy world.
Advanced Fiber Access Networks takes a holistic view of broadband access networks—from architecture to network technologies and network economies. The book reviews pain points and challenges that broadband service providers face (such as network construction, fiber cable efficiency, transmission challenges, network scalability, etc.) and how these challenges are tackled by new fiber access transmission technologies, protocols and architecture innovations. Chapters cover fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) applications as well as fiber backhauls in other access networks such as 5G wireless and hybrid-fiber-coax (HFC) networks. In addition, it covers the network economy, challenges in fiber network construction and deployment, and more. Finally, the book examines scaling issues and bottlenecks in an end-to-end broadband network, from Internet backbones to inside customer homes, something rarely covered in books. - Provides the latest information on end-to-end broadband access networks, from architecture to network technologies and network economies
The basis for the movie High Resolution From one of this generation's most talked about and enigmatic writers comes a deeply personal, powerful, and moving novel about family, relationships, accelerating drug use, and the lingering possibility of death. Taipei by Tao Lin is an ode--or lament--to the way we live now. Following Paul from New York, where he comically navigates Manhattan's art and literary scenes, to Taipei, Taiwan, where he confronts his family's roots, we see one relationship fail, while another is born on the internet and blooms into an unexpected wedding in Las Vegas. Along the way—whether on all night drives up the East Coast, shoplifting excursions in the South, book readings on the West Coast, or ill advised grocery runs in Ohio—movies are made with laptop cameras, massive amounts of drugs are ingested, and two young lovers come to learn what it means to share themselves completely. The result is a suspenseful meditation on memory, love, and what it means to be alive, young, and on the fringe in America, or anywhere else for that matter.
The hatred of killing his father, the hatred of seizing the throne. How could Chu Nian He have known that his husband, who was grappling with his temples, would use her in every possible way! When he woke up again, he was actually fifteen years old? Protect her family, subdue her treacherous cousin, and step by step she tramples on all the people who used to bully her. As a female official who controlled the imperial government, she swore to never have feelings for anyone ever again! He was a victorious general who had taken down half of the mountain, but he was touched by her cold and resolute expression. He did not care why she was so cold. He only wanted to love and protect her for the rest of his life, marry her as a wife, and protect her until she was old!
When a squire on a mission becomes allies with a beginning mage, are wishes enough to keep the world safe? After Henry Tsien wished for magic and the knowledge that comes with it, his world became dangerous. Finding an unlikely ally in Alexa Dumough, the Knight Templar Initiate is not the strangest thing to happen to Henry but it could be just as dangerous. As their partnership becomes friendship, Alexa teaches Henry how to survive in the supernatural world. But soon, Alexa is forced to choose between her friendship with Henry and her loyalty to the Order. Her test to become a Squire plunges them both into a trial by fire, putting their lives and magic to the test. A Squire’s Wish is book 2 of the Hidden Wishes trilogy, an urban fantasy GameLit series. It features a hidden supernatural world, friendship, magical leveling up, Knight Templars, kickass women, and shadowy supernatural organisations. No romance, no harems but pure magic and adventure.
When the Dungeon changes, a race to the finish begins. The Karlak Dungeon has re-opened with a brand new configuration. A whole new Dungeon awaits Daniel and Asin. Joined by Omrak, the party races to be the first to complete the Dungeon but must face new monsters, new traps and new floor layouts. Will the Adventurers complete the new Dungeon in time? A Dungeon's Soul is traditional fantasy story with LitRPG elements written in the Japanese light novel format of short, slice-of-life features.
An absurdist short story collection about the woes of 21st-century living—from an author whose writing is “moving and necessary, not to mention frequently hilarious” (Miranda July) College students, recent graduates, and their parents work at Denny’s, volunteer at a public library in suburban Florida, attend satanic ska/punk concerts, eat Chinese food with the homeless of New York City, and go to the same Japanese restaurant in Manhattan three times in two sleepless days, all while yearning constantly for love, a better kind of love, or something better than love, things which—much like the Loch Ness Monster—they know probably do not exist, but are rumored to exist and therefore “good enough.”
The tobacco area of the west Henan Province is located at the border of Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi provinces, which is a transition zone of subtropical and warm temperate zone with mild climate and sufficient light. This area is suitable for the growth of high-quality tobacco leaves. However, in recent years, drought in the fast- growing period occurs often in tobacco leaf production, leading to late growth, late maturity, and declining quality of tobacco leaves. This study has found that the rainfall was low before July and had a high inter-annual variability by the analysis of the rainfall from April to September 1986-2022 in Sanmenxia [Sanmenxia, a city in Henan, China] tobacco-growing area and from May to October 1986-2022 in Luoyang [Luoyang, a city in Henan, China] tobacco-growing area. It subsequently carries out a randomized block design in three key stages of tobacco growth, including the root extending stage, the fast-growing stage, and the mature stage, in Liangjiazhuang, Zhuyang Town, Sanmenxia. The randomized block design studies the effects of four drought-resistance technologies on Yunyan87’s agronomic character, root activity, the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), key enzyme activity in carbon-nitrogen metabolism, relative expression of key genes in carbon-nitrogen metabolism, field growth phase, conventional chemical component of top-three leaves and. The four drought-resistance technologies include water-holding agents and antitranspirant (no water-holding agents, using water-holding agents alone, using antitranspirant alone, and using water-holding agents and antitranspirant at the same time), different amount of water for irrigation (no irrigation when it is raining, and respectively irrigating to 40%, 60%, 80% of soil water content in the fast growing stage), different nitrogen application rates and basal-topdressing nitrogen ratios (total local conventional nitrogen fertilization of 3.5kg per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 3kg and 6:4 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 3kg and 7:3 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 4kg and 6:4 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, and total nitrogen fertilization of 4kg and 7:3 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre), and different substances of chemical manipulation (no chemical manipulation, spraying jasmonic acid, spraying abscisic acid, and spraying ethephon). This study is conducive to exploring the appropriate dry-land cultivation techniques for different places. It also subsequently carries out a randomized block design in Wangcun, Xiaojie Town, Luoyang. The randomized block design studies the effects of four drought-resistance technologies on LY1306’s agronomic traits, root activity, the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), key enzyme activity in carbon-nitrogen metabolism, relative expression of key genes in carbon-nitrogen metabolism, the field growing period, conventional chemical components of top-three leaves. The four drought-resistance technologies include ridge tillage to preserve soil moisture (ridging in spring, ridging in winter, autumn ploughing and winter ridging), appropriate transplanting methods (conventional strong seedling transplanting, small seedling transplanting under film, and well-cellar seedling transplanting), different nitrogen fertilization and basal-topdressing nitrogen ratios (total local conventional nitrogen fertilization of 3.5kg per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 3kg and 6:4 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 3kg and 7:3 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, total nitrogen fertilization of 4kg and 6:4 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre, and total nitrogen fertilization of 4kg and 7:3 of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio per acre), and different chemical regulators (no chemical regulators, spraying jasmonic acid, spraying abscisic acid, and spraying ethephon). This study is conducive to exploring the appropriate dry-land cultivation techniques for different places. Major research results are as follows: (1) The variation of rainfall in the Sanmenxia tobacco-growing area from April to September from 1986 to 2022 shows a slow upward trend, and the rainfall of half of the years concerned of rainfall is lower than the average one. The variation coefficient of rainfall in September is the largest, followed by that in May, and the smallest is in July. According to the analysis of rainfall in each growing period of a flue-cured tobacco field, the variation of rainfall in the root stretching period, the fast growing period and the maturity period shows a slow downward trend respectively in general, and the relation is the root stretching period(262.23 mm)>the fast growing period(85.80mm)>the maturity period(81.84mm), which are inconsistent with the appropriate rainfall of tobacco-growing area field. The years of rainfall less than their own average rainfall accounts for 57%, 51% and 54% of all years, respectively. (2) In the study on the application of water-holding agent and antitranspirant, the application of water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time has the best effect on the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco, achieving the fastest fading of flue-cured tobacco and the most coordinated chemical components of flue-cured tobacco leaves. There is little difference between the application of a water-holding agent and the application of an antitranspirant, whose effect is just followed by the application of a water-holding agent and the antitranspirant at the same time. The agronomic traits of the group under treatment are better than those of the control group, and the agronomic traits of the application of a water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time are the best. 60 and 90 days after transplanting, the soil moisture content and root activity of groups under treatments are significantly higher than those of the control group and the highest soil moisture content and root activity are obtained when water-holding agent and antitranspirant are applied at the same time, followed by the application of water-holding agent alone. 120 days after transplanting, the root activity decreases significantly in groups under treatments, and the root activity of the application of a water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time is the lowest and its root aging is the deepest. The contents of O2- and H2O2 in groups under treatments are significantly higher than those in the control group, and the hydroxyl radical clearance in groups under treatments is significantly lower than those in the control group. Meanwhile, the accumulated active oxygen species in the application of a water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time is the highest. The nitrate reductase (NR) enzyme activity and glutamine synthetase (GS) enzyme activity in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group, and the expressions of NtNR and NtGS in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group. Meanwhile, the expressions of NtNR and NtGS genes in the application of water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time are 0.23 and 0.22 times of those in the control group. The sucrose phosphate synthetase (SS) enzyme activity of groups under treatments is significantly lower than that in the control group, and the gene expression of NtSPS and NtSS in groups under treatments are significantly lower than that in the control group. The gene expression of NtSPS and NtSS treated with water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time are 0.21 and 0.20 times that of the control group. The enzyme activity and gene expression related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism are the lowest when water-holding agent and antitranspirant are applied at the same time. The growing period of the field treated with water-holding agent and antitranspirant at the same time is 126 days, which is 6 days, 6 days, and 19 days shorter than that of the application of water-holding agent, that of the application of antitranspirant alone and the control group. Compared with the control group, the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar and potassium increased, while the contents of total nitrogen, nicotine, and chlorine decreased. At the same time, the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar, the ratio of potassium to chlorine and the nitrogen-nicotine ratio in groups under treatments are the highest, and the chemical components of tobacco leaves are the most coordinated under the above treatment. (3) On the study of different irrigation, flue-cured tobacco first enters the maturity period and has the shortest growing period under the condition of irrigation to 80% soil moisture content. Compared with the control group, 60 and 90 days after transplanting, the agronomic traits of groups under treatment are better, among which that of the irrigation to 80% of soil moisture content is the best, followed by 60%. The root soil moisture content and root activity in groups under treatments are significantly higher than those in the control group, and that of group with irrigation to 80% soil moisture content is the largest. 120 days after transplanting, the root activity of flue-cured tobacco is the lowest when irrigating to 80% of soil moisture content. The contents of O2•− and H2O2 in groups under treatments are significantly higher than those in the control group, and that of the group with irrigation to 80% of soil moisture content is the highest, followed by 60%. The hydroxyl radical scavenging rate in groups under treatments is significantly lower than that in the control group, and that of the group with irrigation to 80% of soil moisture content is the lowest, followed by 60%. The NR enzyme activity, GS enzyme activity, SPS enzyme activity and SS enzyme activity are significantly lower than those in the control group, and those of the group with irrigation to 80% of soil moisture content is the lowest, followed by 60%. The gene expression of NtNR, NtGS, NtSPS and NtSS in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group, and those of treatment with irrigation to 80% soil moisture content is the lowest, followed by 60%. The field growing period of treatment with irrigation to 80% soil moisture content is 126 days, which is shortened by 6 days, 6 days and 19 days compared with treatment with irrigation to 60% soil moisture content, irrigation to 40% soil moisture content and the control group. Compared with the control, the reducing sugar and total sugar of cured tobacco increase with the increase of irrigation amount, while the content of nicotine, chlorine and total nitrogen decrease with that. In the treatment with irrigation to 80% soil moisture content, the ratio of potassium to chlorine and nitrogen-nicotine ratio of flue-cured tobacco is the highest, and the chemical components of them are most coordinated, followed by 60%. (4) In the study of appropriate nitrogen fertilization and basal-topdressing ratio of flue-cured tobacco, 30 days and 60 days after transplanting, the agronomic traits of groups under treatments are significantly better than those of the control group, among which those of (T2) 3 kg total nitrogen and 7:3 basal-topdressing ratio is the best, followed by (T4) 4 kg total nitrogen and 7:3 basal-topdressing ratio, indicating that with the progress of field growing period, the total biomass of T2 is the largest, and the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco are the fastest. 90 days after transplanting, T2 still performs best in agronomic traits. 120 days after transplanting, the enzyme activities of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group, and the relative expression of NtNR, NtGS, NtSPS and NtSS genes in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those of the control group. the enzyme activities of carbon and nitrogen metabolism and the relative expression of NtNR, NtGS, NtSPS and NtSS genes in T2 are lowest, followed by T4. The contents of O2•− and H2O2 in groups under treatments are significantly higher than those in the control group, and the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of T2 is the lowest, and the content of reactive oxygen species of T2 is the highest. This experiment shows that with the increase of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio, the capacity of carbon sequestration, transformation and metabolism in flue-cured tobacco decrease, the nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen use efficiency decrease, the content of reactive oxygen species increases, and the maturity and senescence of flue-cured tobacco are deepened. With the increase of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio, the contents of total sugar and reducing sugar in flue-cured tobacco increase, while the contents of nicotine and total nitrogen decrease. Among them, the ratio of potassium to chlorine and sugar alkali ratio of T2 are the best, where the chemical components of flue-cured tobacco are most coordinated. It is followed by T4. (5) In the study on spraying chemical regulators, spraying ethephon has the best effect of yellowing, and under this treatment, the growing period of the field is the shortest. It is followed by spraying jasmonic acid. 120 days after transplanting, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and total chlorophyll in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group. As spraying abscisic acid, the content of total chlorophyll is significantly higher than that of spraying jasmonic acid, which is significantly higher than that of spraying ethephon. Compared to the control group, the content of O2- content in groups under treatment are significantly higher, which are 1.31, 1.29 and 1.58 times of that in the control group, respectively. Compared to the control group, the content of H2O2 content in groups under treatments is significantly higher, which are 1.12, 1.19 and 1.47 times of that in the control group, respectively. The hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of groups under treatments is significantly lower than that of the control group, and that of the group with spraying ethephon is the lowest. The NR enzyme activity, GS enzyme activity, SPS enzyme activity and SS enzyme activity in groups under treatment are significantly lower than those in the control group, and the key enzyme activity of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the group with spraying ethephon is the lowest. Compared to the control group, the expressions of NtNR, NtGS, NtSPS and NtSS genes in groups under treatments are significantly lower, which are, in treatment of spraying ethephon, 0.23, 0.21, 0.15 and 0.14 times of those in the control group. In the treatment of spraying ethephon, the growing period is the shortest (126 days), which is 6 days, 6 days and 19 days shorter than that of spraying abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and the control group. The content of total sugar in group of spraying ethephon is the highest (33.73%), an increase of 1.23% and 1.96% compared with that in the group of spraying jasmonic acid and abscisic acid respectively. The ratio of potassium to chlorine and sugar alkali ratio in the group of spraying ethephon are the best, which can better coordinate the chemical components of flue-cured tobacco. (6) The average rainfall in the Luoyang tobacco-growing area from May to October from 1986 to 2022 is 446.84 mm, showing a slow upward trend. Among all the years, the rainfall of 1997 is the lowest, and the rainfall of half of the years concerned of rainfall are lower than the average one. According to the analysis of rainfall in each growing period of a flue-cured tobacco field, the variation of rainfall in the root stretching period, the fast growing period and the maturity period shows a slow downward trend respectively in general, and the relation is the root stretching period(218.52mm)>the fast growing period(105.72mm)>the maturity period(89.49mm), which are inconsistent with the appropriate rainfall of tobacco-growing area field. The years of rainfall less than their own average rainfall accounts for 57%, 62% and 65% of all years, respectively. (7) In the study of ridge tillage to preserve soil moisture, ridging in winter, and autumn ploughing and winter ridging can significantly increase the soil moisture in the early growing period, improve the root activity of flue-cured tobacco during flue-cured tobacco’s growth and development, and reduce it in the maturity and aging period. With the maturity and aging of flue-cured tobacco, the capacity of nitrogen metabolism gradually decreases, and the capacity for carbon sequestration and transformation decreases. This study finds that in the late growing period of flue-cured tobacco, the key enzyme activity in carbon and nitrogen metabolism and the expression of related genes are significantly reduced by ridging in winter, and autumn ploughing and winter ridging. In addition, under these two treatments, the contents of nicotine, total nitrogen and chlorine are reduced, the contents of reducing sugar, total sugar and potassium are increased, the ratio of potassium to chlorine and sugar alkali ratio are more coordinated, and the quality of flue-cured tobacco is higher. The picking time of the upper leaves in the treatment of ridging in winter, and autumn ploughing and winter ridging is advanced by 11 days and 16 days respectively. (8) In the study of appropriate transplanting methods, small seedling transplanting under film and well-cellar seedling transplanting significantly reduce the root activity in the maturity period, which are 81.06% and 75.06% of CK, the name of the control group, respectively. As for well-cellar seedling transplanting, the key enzyme activity and the relative expression of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in flue-cured tobacco in the maturity period are significantly decreased, and the relationship is CK>T1>T2. The peroxidase activity in small seedling transplanting under film and well-cellar seedling transplanting are significantly lower than that in CK, 67.90% and 62.50% of that of CK respectively. The conventional chemical components of flue-cured tobacco leaves are more coordinated in well-cellar seedling transplanting, and the quality of tobacco leaves is better. At the same time, small seedling transplanting under film and well-cellar seedling transplanting can advance the picking time and shorten the growing period of flue-cured tobacco. (9) In the study of appropriate nitrogen fertilization and basal-topdressing ratio of flue-cured tobacco, (T4) 4 kg total nitrogen and 7:3 basal-topdressing ratio shows higher photosynthetic rate and excellent agronomic traits in the early periods, and can be picked earlier in the maturity period. In general, before and during the fast growing period, when the nitrogen fertilization is the same, the content of plastid pigment, the capacity for material accumulation, root activity and antioxidant activity of tobacco plants increase with the increase of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio. However, when the basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio is the same, the content of plastids pigment increases with the increase of nitrogen fertilization. The trend is opposite to that in the fast growing period. The carbonitase activity and the relative expression of carbazitase genes in tobacco plants decrease with the increase of basal-topdressing nitrogen ratio. Compared with the control group, all treatments promote the ratio of potassium to chlorine and sugar alkali ratio in chemical components of flue-cured tobacco. T4 is the best, which is followed by T2. In T4, the growing period is the shortest, which is 140 days, 8 days, 3 days, 5 days, and 18 days shorter than that of T1, T2, T3 and the control group. (10) In the study on spraying chemical regulators, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and total chlorophyll in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group. 120 days after transplanting, the NR enzyme activity and GS enzyme activity in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group, and the effect of (T3) spraying ethephon is the most obvious. 120 days after transplanting, the SPS enzyme activity and SS enzyme activity in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group, and the effect of T3 is the best. 120 days after transplanting, the POD enzyme activity, SOD enzyme activity and CAT enzyme activity in groups under treatments are significantly lower than those in the control group. 120 days after transplanting, the relative expression of NtNCET1, NtPR1b, and NtEFE26 are promoted significantly. In general, the effect of T3 is the best. From the whole growing period of flue-cured tobacco fields, the growing period of T3 is the shortest, lasting 138 days, which is 3 days, 6 days and 21 days shorter than the growing period of spraying jasmonic acid, spraying abscisic acid and the control group. Compared with the control group, different treatments can promote the ratio of potassium to chlorine and sugar alkali ratio in chemical components of flue-cured tobacco, among which T3 is the best in all dictators. We are confident that people in the field of tobacco cultivation will derive valuable knowledge from reading this monograph.
The field of random matrix theory has seen an explosion of activity in recent years, with connections to many areas of mathematics and physics. However, this makes the current state of the field almost too large to survey in a single book. In this graduate text, we focus on one specific sector of the field, namely the spectral distribution of random Wigner matrix ensembles (such as the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble), as well as iid matrix ensembles. The text is largely self-contained and starts with a review of relevant aspects of probability theory and linear algebra. With over 200 exercises, the book is suitable as an introductory text for beginning graduate students seeking to enter the field.
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