Many AI (and machine learning) tasks present in dual forms, e.g., English-to-Chinese translation vs. Chinese-to-English translation, speech recognition vs. speech synthesis,question answering vs. question generation, and image classification vs. image generation. Dual learning is a new learning framework that leverages the primal-dual structure of AI tasks to obtain effective feedback or regularization signals in order to enhance the learning/inference process. Since it was first introduced four years ago, the concept has attracted considerable attention in multiple fields, and been proven effective in numerous applications, such as machine translation, image-to-image translation, speech synthesis and recognition, (visual) question answering and generation, image captioning and generation, and code summarization and generation. Offering a systematic and comprehensive overview of dual learning, this book enables interested researchers (both established and newcomers) and practitioners to gain a better understanding of the state of the art in the field. It also provides suggestions for further reading and tools to help readers advance the area. The book is divided into five parts. The first part gives a brief introduction to machine learning and deep learning. The second part introduces the algorithms based on the dual reconstruction principle using machine translation, image translation, speech processing and other NLP/CV tasks as the demo applications. It covers algorithms, such as dual semi-supervised learning, dual unsupervised learning and multi-agent dual learning. In the context of image translation, it introduces algorithms including CycleGAN, DualGAN, DiscoGAN cdGAN and more recent techniques/applications. The third part presents various work based on the probability principle, including dual supervised learning and dual inference based on the joint-probability principle and dual semi-supervised learning based on the marginal-probability principle. The fourth part reviews various theoretical studies on dual learning and discusses its connections to other learning paradigms. The fifth part provides a summary and suggests future research directions.
A classic! Find inspiration in some of history's great military victories as others have for over 2,400 years. Sun Tzu was the most famous military scientist, and one of the ablest commanders, in ancient China. Asian warlords, and modern leaders as dissimilar as Mao Tse-tung and General Eisenhower, have used his principles to change the shape of the world. Interpreted here by General Tao Hanzhang, one of the architects of the Communist Revolution, Tzu's advice on timing, maneuvering, flexibility, and knowledge of the enemy's leaders, strengths, and weaknesses is as powerful today as when it was first issued.
She opened her eyes again and found that she had arrived in another world. She had accidentally entered the Grand General's daughter's body and became a family of generals. Afterwards, she and her husband had participated in the cruel battle at court ...
Ever since I was born, my life has been weird and cold. People in the village say that my life is not good and I won't live for more than 20 years.When I was six years old, I accidentally broke into a cemetery, and somehow, I had formed a Yin affinity with the big BOSS among the evil spirits.When I was 21, a male ghost came looking for me, wanting to be compatible with me. Because we were already engaged, that male ghost didn't succeed.The big BOSS also felt the danger of letting me live in the mortal world and decided to marry me as soon as possible.I didn't die. I returned to school as usual, but because the Yin Qi s on my body had attracted all kinds of male ghost, they kept on pestering me ...
Chinese is one of the rare languages that was created thousands of years ago and has been in continuous use ever since. As language signs, Chinese characters reflect how ancient Chinese residents observed and understood the universe and themselves. These characters carry the fundamental ideas of man and nature, which have further developed into Chinese philosophies that have shaped Chinese personality traits and the landscape of contemporary China. This book explores the origin and evolution of selected Chinese characters that best represent the cognitive process and core values of Chinese culture. The study of Chinese characters provides an insight into Chinese wisdom of harmony, love and resiliency from which people draw strength in face of challenges today. The book is unique in its inclusion of featured Chinese calligraphy in character studies, accounting for the aesthetic enjoyment of traditional Chinese art in the history of Chinese characters’ evolution.
This book offers a new narrative and interpretative framework about the origins of moral-political philosophy that tracks how the three core normative values, humaneness, justice, and personal freedom, were formulated, reformulated, and contested by early Chinese philosophers in their effort to negotiate the relationship among three distinct domains, the personal, the familial, and the political. Such efforts took place as those thinkers were reimagining a new moral-political order, debating its guiding norms, and exploring possible sources within the context of an evolving understanding of He
They all talk about all sorts of gossip in the entertainment circle, but do you really know everything about the entertainment circle? I also don't know much about the real entertainment industry, but I am very clear about the details of the various portraits and unwritten rules! None of this is as simple as you think! The waters of this circle are deeper than you think, and I know all this because I suspect that my actress' wife, wearing the green hat, has been following me all the way to discover the deepest secrets of the actress!
He was a young expert who lived in seclusion in the city. Since he had nothing better to do, he started to rent a house for himself. He began to collect beauties of all stripes, lolis, hot policewomen, royal sisters, and amorous young women ... When all these were gathered up, he suddenly realized that he was facing the greatest danger!
Having offended Uncle Hua Xin by coincidence, Lin Xiyue embarked on a road of no return.This man's life was like a peach blossom. It was his first love, and also his fiancee. Even her elder sister was taken away!As the saying goes, a CEO shouldn't be used to it. The more one gets used to it, the more one becomes a bastard.Lin Xiyue clenched her teeth, closed her eyes, and decisively kicked it!"What?" You're too ashamed to meet me? "Hehe, I didn't expect the CEO to have such a strong side to it ...
This book contains material from the lecture courses conducted at the Theoretical Advanced Study Institute (TASI, Colorado, USA) on high energy physics and cosmology in 2008. Three series of lectures are presented in parallel in the areas of Large Hadron Collider (LHC) phenomenology and experimentation; advanced theoretical topics beyond the standard model; and neutrino oscillation, astroparticle physics and cosmology. The phenomenology lectures cover a broad spectrum of standard research techniques used to interpret present-day and LHC data. The new physics lectures focus on modern speculations about physics beyond the standard model, with an emphasis on supersymmetry, grand unification theories, extra-dimensional theories, and string phenomenology, which may be tested at the LHC. The lecture series on neutrino physics, astroparticle physics and cosmology treats recent developments in neutrino oscillations, theories and searches of dark matter and dark energy, cosmic microwave background radiation, and density perturbation theory. The lectures are of pedagogical nature in presentation, and are accessible to advanced graduate students and researchers in high energy physics and cosmology.
Whether it was true history or wild history, the books did not seem to use any good words to record the first female regent of the dynasty, Dong Lingwan. Her youth had also been meek and modest, renowned far, but later on she had been ruthless, willful, and willful, leading to her authority over the court, her charms. However, people had to admit that this extremely bad woman had benefited countless people during her reign. She was the most controversial woman in the entire history of Da Ye in the past few hundred years. The position of Duke of the Phoenix of the first rank, and the power of the current Regent of the dynasty. Fourteen words, a portrait of a woman's life. The first time they met, she had been scared to tears by him and had been tricked out of the most important things. How many years had it been since she could not look for him; when they met again, she had not recognized him. He had held the knife to her throat, but she had smiled faintly and warned him haughtily. She thought that her fates with him had started because of his deliberate proximity to her. She didn't know that ten years ago, the heavens had already brought about a whole lifetime of conflict and conflict between her and him ... Join Collection
Ideal for: High school, college and adult learners with no prior knowledge of Chinese. This acclaimed, bestselling series is successful because it integrates all four language skills-listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Integrated Chinese helps you
Ideal for: High school, college and adult learners with no prior knowledge of Chinese. This acclaimed, bestselling series is successful because it integrates all four language skills-listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Integrated Chinese helps you
Reveals techniques for achieving spiritual immortality through an in-depth exploration of Lao-tzu's Tao Te Ching • Includes practices and meditations for living in harmony with the Tao (universal essence) and Te (kind action) • Reveals the integration of heavenly and human power in the mystic field within us • Presents Tao Huang's English translation of the Tao Te Ching from the original Chinese Mawangdui text unearthed in 1973 For over 2,500 years the words of the Tao Te Ching, the primary scripture of Laoism and Taoism, have been regarded as among the greatest treasures of the world. Lao-tzu, whose name means “the ancient child,” wrote these brief but essential verses that have both confounded and conferred blessings on humankind. Now Taoist masters Mantak Chia and Tao Huang guide readers through the origins of this philosophy, the meaning behind its 5,000 pictographs, and the way of living that generations have followed. While the text of the Tao Te Ching has been passed down in literary form for generations, the essence of the text can be understood only through heart awakening--a true integration of body and mind--made possible with the insights and exercises in this book. The authors analyze Lao-tzu's teachings, line by line, and offer meditations, interpretations, and practical illustrations that clarify the true meaning and purpose of this classic text.
This book rewrites the story of classical Chinese philosophy, which has always been considered the single most creative and vibrant chapter in the history of Chinese philosophy. Works attributed to Confucius, Mozi, Mencius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Xunzi, Han Feizi and many others represent the very origins of moral and political thinking in China. As testimony to their enduring stature, in recent decades many Chinese intellectuals, and even leading politicians, have turned to those classics, especially Confucian texts, for alternative or complementary sources of moral authority and political legitimacy. Therefore, philosophical inquiries into core normative values embedded in those classical texts are crucial to the ongoing scholarly discussion about China as China turns more culturally inward. It can also contribute to the spirited contemporary debate about the nature of philosophical reasoning, especially in the non-Western traditions. This book offers a new narrative and interpretative framework about the origins of moral-political philosophy that tracks how the three normative values, humaneness, justice, and personal freedom, were formulated, reformulated, and contested by early Chinese philosophers in their effort to negotiate the relationship among three distinct domains, the personal, the familial, and the political. Such efforts took place as those thinkers were reimagining a new moral-political order, debating its guiding norms, and exploring possible sources within the context of an evolving understanding of Heaven and its relationship with the humans. Tao Jiang argues that the competing visions in that debate can be characterized as a contestation between partialist humaneness and impartialist justice as the guiding norm for the newly imagined moral-political order, with the Confucians, the Mohists, the Laoists, and the so-called fajia thinkers being the major participants, constituting the mainstream philosophical project during this period. Thinkers lined up differently along the justice-humaneness spectrum with earlier ones maintaining some continuity between the two normative values (or at least trying to accommodate both to some extent) while later ones leaning more toward their exclusivity in the political/public domain. Zhuangzi and the Zhuangists were the outliers of the mainstream moral-political debate who rejected the very parameter of humaneness versus justice in that discourse. They were a lone voice advocating personal freedom, but the Zhuangist expressions of freedom were self-restricted to the margins of the political world and the interiority of one's heartmind. Such a take can shed new light on how the Zhuangist approach to personal freedom would profoundly impact the development of this idea in pre-modern Chinese political and intellectual history.
A classic! Find inspiration in some of history's great military victories as others have for over 2,400 years. Sun Tzu was the most famous military scientist, and one of the ablest commanders, in ancient China. Asian warlords, and modern leaders as dissimilar as Mao Tse-tung and General Eisenhower, have used his principles to change the shape of the world. Interpreted here by General Tao Hanzhang, one of the architects of the Communist Revolution, Tzu's advice on timing, maneuvering, flexibility, and knowledge of the enemy's leaders, strengths, and weaknesses is as powerful today as when it was first issued.
She opened her eyes again and found that she had arrived in another world. She had accidentally entered the Grand General's daughter's body and became a family of generals. Afterwards, she and her husband had participated in the cruel battle at court ...
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Whether it was true history or wild history, the books did not seem to use any good words to record the first female regent of the dynasty, Dong Lingwan. Her youth had also been meek and modest, renowned far, but later on she had been ruthless, willful, and willful, leading to her authority over the court, her charms. However, people had to admit that this extremely bad woman had benefited countless people during her reign. She was the most controversial woman in the entire history of Da Ye in the past few hundred years. The position of Duke of the Phoenix of the first rank, and the power of the current Regent of the dynasty. Fourteen words, a portrait of a woman's life. The first time they met, she had been scared to tears by him and had been tricked out of the most important things. How many years had it been since she could not look for him; when they met again, she had not recognized him. He had held the knife to her throat, but she had smiled faintly and warned him haughtily. She thought that her fates with him had started because of his deliberate proximity to her. She didn't know that ten years ago, the heavens had already brought about a whole lifetime of conflict and conflict between her and him ... Join Collection
She opened her eyes again and found that she had arrived in another world. She had accidentally entered the Grand General's daughter's body and became a family of generals. Afterwards, she and her husband had participated in the cruel battle at court ...
She opened her eyes again and found that she had arrived in another world. She had accidentally entered the Grand General's daughter's body and became a family of generals. Afterwards, she and her husband had participated in the cruel battle at court ...
Having offended Uncle Hua Xin by coincidence, Lin Xiyue embarked on a road of no return.This man's life was like a peach blossom. It was his first love, and also his fiancee. Even her elder sister was taken away!As the saying goes, a CEO shouldn't be used to it. The more one gets used to it, the more one becomes a bastard.Lin Xiyue clenched her teeth, closed her eyes, and decisively kicked it!"What?" You're too ashamed to meet me? "Hehe, I didn't expect the CEO to have such a strong side to it ...
Having offended Uncle Hua Xin by coincidence, Lin Xiyue embarked on a road of no return.This man's life was like a peach blossom. It was his first love, and also his fiancee. Even her elder sister was taken away!As the saying goes, a CEO shouldn't be used to it. The more one gets used to it, the more one becomes a bastard.Lin Xiyue clenched her teeth, closed her eyes, and decisively kicked it!"What?" You're too ashamed to meet me? "Hehe, I didn't expect the CEO to have such a strong side to it ...
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