In an era defined by rapid urbanization and ever-increasing mobility demands, effective transportation management is paramount. This book takes readers on a journey through the intricate web of contemporary transportation systems, offering unparalleled insights into the strategies, technologies, and methodologies shaping the movement of people and goods in urban landscapes. From the fundamental principles of traffic signal dynamics to the cutting-edge applications of machine learning, each chapter of this comprehensive guide unveils essential aspects of modern transportation management systems. Chapter by chapter, readers are immersed in the complexities of traffic signal coordination, corridor management, data-driven decision-making, and the integration of advanced technologies. Closing with chapters on modeling measures of effectiveness and computational signal timing optimization, the guide equips readers with the knowledge and tools needed to navigate the complexities of modern transportation management systems. With insights into traffic data visualization and operational performance measures, this book empowers traffic engineers and administrators to design 21st-century signal policies that optimize mobility, enhance safety, and shape the future of urban transportation.
Video Based Machine Learning for Traffic Intersections describes the development of computer vision and machine learning-based applications for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and the challenges encountered during their deployment. This book presents several novel approaches, including a two-stream convolutional network architecture for vehicle detection, tracking, and near-miss detection; an unsupervised approach to detect near-misses in fisheye intersection videos using a deep learning model combined with a camera calibration and spline-based mapping method; and algorithms that utilize video analysis and signal timing data to accurately detect and categorize events based on the phase and type of conflict in pedestrian-vehicle and vehicle-vehicle interactions. The book makes use of a real-time trajectory prediction approach, combined with aligned Google Maps information, to estimate vehicle travel time across multiple intersections. Novel visualization software, designed by the authors to serve traffic practitioners, is used to analyze the efficiency and safety of intersections. The software offers two modes: a streaming mode and a historical mode, both of which are useful to traffic engineers who need to quickly analyze trajectories to better understand traffic behavior at an intersection. Overall, this book presents a comprehensive overview of the application of computer vision and machine learning to solve transportation-related problems. Video Based Machine Learning for Traffic Intersections demonstrates how these techniques can be used to improve safety, efficiency, and traffic flow, as well as identify potential conflicts and issues before they occur. The range of novel approaches and techniques presented offers a glimpse of the exciting possibilities that lie ahead for ITS research and development. Key Features: Describes the development and challenges associated with Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Provides novel visualization software designed to serve traffic practitioners in analyzing the efficiency and safety of an intersection Has the potential to proactively identify potential conflict situations and develop an early warning system for real-time vehicle-vehicle and pedestrian-vehicle conflicts
Twice Migrated, Twice Displaced explores the lives of Gulf South Asians who arrived in the Greater Toronto Area from India and Pakistan via Persian Gulf countries such as the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. Tania Das Gupta reveals the multiple migration patterns of this unique group, analyzing themes such as gender, racial, and religious discrimination; class mobility; the formation of transnational families; and identities in a post-9/11 context. Twice Migrated, Twice Displaced concludes that neoliberal economies in South Asia, the Gulf, and Canada create conditions for flexible labour by privatizing and diminishing social welfare. As migrants then search for employment, families are split across borders – making those relationships more precarious. The ambivalent, hybrid identities that result have implications for Canada in terms of community building, diaspora, citizenship, and migrants’ sense of belonging.
Tania Lewis offers the first critical account of the impact of digital information, media, and communication technologies on the topic of food. Lewis critically analyzes how our relationship to food consumption, production, and politics is being re-mediated through digitally connected electronic devices, practices and content. By drawing together the world of food and the digital, the book speaks to a number of pressing contemporary themes including the tensions around digital engagement in increasingly commercialized spaces; the changing nature of politics in a social media context; the growing naturalization of digital devices and related practices of data monitoring; and the role and impact of digitization on social relations. At the forefront of critical new research, and written with a student readership in mind, this text is essential for scholars interested in media studies, cultural studies, food studies, and cultural geography.
Tous les pays africains ont besoin d'avantage d'emplois de qualité pour leurs populations croissantes. Le rapport « Afrique numérique : Transformation technologique pour l’emploi » montre qu'une utilisation plus large, par les entreprises et les ménages, des technologies numériques génératrices de productivité est impérative afin de générer de tels emplois, y compris pour les personnes peu qualifiées. Dans le même temps, cette démarche peut soutenir non seulement l'objectif à court terme de reprise économique postpandémique des pays, mais aussi leur vision d'une transformation économique assortie d’une croissance plus inclusive. Cependant, ces résultats ne seront pas automatiques. La disponibilité de l'internet mobile a augmenté sur l’ensemble du continent ces dernières années, mais l'écart d'utilisation est le plus élevé au monde. Les zones disposant d'au moins un service internet mobile 3G couvrent désormais 84 % en moyenne de la population des pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, mais seulement 22 % utilisent ces services. Et l'entreprise africaine moyenne accuse un certain retard en matière d'utilisation de smartphones et d’ordinateurs, ainsi que de technologies numériques plus sophistiquées qui contribuent à obtenir de nouveaux gains de productivité. Deux problèmes expliquent cet écart d'utilisation : l'absence d'abordabilité de ces nouvelles technologies et la de les utiliser. Pour les 40 % d'Africains qui vivent en dessous du seuil de pauvreté extrême, les forfaits de données mobiles coûteraient à eux seuls un tiers de leurs revenus, en plus du prix des appareils d'accès, des applications et de l'électricité. Les forfaits de données pour les petites et moyennes entreprises sont également plus chers que dans d'autres régions. De plus, la qualité des services internet †“ de même que la fourniture d'applications attrayantes et adaptées aux compétences qui favorisent l'entrepreneuriat et augmentent les revenus †“ présente des lacunes qui freinent la volonté des entreprises et populations de les utiliser. Pour les pays qui utilisent déjà ces technologies, les retombées du développement sont importantes. De nouvelles études empiriques réalisées pour le présent rapport s'ajoutent aux données sans cesse croissantes qui démontrent que la disponibilité de l'internet mobile augmente directement la productivité des entreprises, accroît le nombre des emplois, et réduit la pauvreté à travers l'Afrique. Pour que ces bénéfices ainsi que d'autres avantages se concrétisent plus largement, les pays africains doivent mettre en oeuvre des politiques complémentaires et synergiques afin de renforcer à la fois la capacité de payer des consommateurs et leur volonté d'utiliser les technologies numériques. Ces interventions doivent accorder la priorité à une utilisation productive en vue de générer un grand nombre d'emplois inclusifs dans une région sur le point de bénéficier d'une main-d'oeuvre massive et jeune, laquelle est appelée à devenir la plus importante du monde d'ici la fin du siècle.
All African countries need better and more jobs for their growing populations. Digital Africa: Technological Transformation for Jobs shows that broader use of productivity-enhancing digital technologies by enterprises and households is imperative to generate such jobs, including for lower-skilled people. At the same time, broader use can support not only countries’ short-term objective of postpandemic economic recovery but also their vision of economic transformation with more inclusive growth. These outcomes are not automatic, however. Mobile internet availability has increased throughout the continent in recent years, but Africa’s uptake gap is the highest in the world. Areas with at least 3G mobile internet service now cover 84 percent of country populations averaged across Sub-Saharan Africa, but only 22 percent use such services. The average African business lags in the use of smartphones and computers, as well as more sophisticated digital technologies that catalyze further productivity gains. Two issues explain the usage gap: the affordability of these new technologies and the willingness to use them. For the 40 percent of Africans below the extreme poverty line, mobile data plans alone would cost one-third of their incomes—in addition to the price of access devices, apps, and electricity. Data plans for small and medium businesses are also more expensive than in other regions. Moreover, shortcomings in the quality of internet services—and in the supply of attractive, skill-appropriate apps that promote entrepreneurship and raise earnings—dampen people’s willingness to use them. For those countries already using these technologies, the development payoffs are significant. New empirical studies for this report add to the rapidly growing evidence that mobile internet availability directly raises enterprise productivity, increases jobs, and reduces poverty across Africa. To realize these and other benefits more widely, Africa’s countries must implement complementary and mutually reinforcing policies to strengthen both consumers’ ability to pay and willingness to use digital technologies. These interventions must prioritize productive use to generate large numbers of inclusive jobs in a region poised to benefit from a massive, youthful workforce—one projected to become the world’s largest by the end of this century.
This timely text provides a comprehensive overview of the research methods used by the Generative Second Language Acquisition framework. The authors lay out the history and state of the art in the field, explain the theoretical underpinnings of this work, and offer practical hands-on guidance for developing, conducting and understanding studies related to L2 grammatical competence—using a rich array of techniques and advancing key insights into the rationale and circumstantial pros and cons of each method. With useful features in a consistent chapter structure, including diverse case studies and discussion questions, the book will be an invaluable resource to students and researchers of SLA, applied linguistics, theoretical linguistics, education, and related areas.
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