Cardiac CT obtains information about coronary arteries, great arteries and veins, and heart valves. It shows the location and extent of calcified plaque in the coronary arteries and helps detect coronary artery disease at an early stage, which neither traditional imaging techniques nor cardiac testing can do. Over the last decade technologic advances in CT angiography have been made at a rapid rate, and the new applications and refinements of existing technology continue to be made. This issue will help practicing cardiologists to keep up with the latest technology in this important and swiftly moving field.
The subject of this supplement to Landolt-Börnstein IV/22 Series is to present both the numerical and graphical data on the various magnetic properties of materials under pressure. Data for transition metal binary oxides MmOn [M: transition metals, O: oxygen, m, n: 1~15], MXO [M: transition metals, X: F, Cl, Br, O: oxygen] and MM’On [M: transition metals, M’: transition metals or non-transition metal elements, O: oxygen, n=2, 2.5, 3] ternary oxides are presented. As well known, the data-compiling principle in the Landolt-Bӧrrnstein series is to choose the best reliable values from many available experimental data. The present compilation is done according to this principle.
Preface: Natural products chemistry has a long history, and could be regarded as having its roots in the use of many kinds of herbal mixtures as crude drugs in traditional medicine. Systems of traditional medicine have been practiced in China and Japan for thousands of years, and virtually all regions of the world have used natural materials to treat human disease. It was clear that many plants, herbs, etc. contain components with powerful biological activities. The dawn of modern natural products chemistry began with the isolation of the active component, morphine, from opium. Subsequently, various alkaloids were isolated from medicinal plants and employed clinically. The discovery and the development of penicillin as a microbial metabolite opened up the era of antibiotics, which have saved countless lives in the past half century or so. The isolation and synthesis of steroid hormones resulted in the development of new concepts in molecular stereochemistry and organic synthetic techniques, as did the discovery of bioactive lipids such as prostaglandins and leukatrienes, bioactive peptides such as enkephalins and endetherines, and oligosaccharides, including glycoproteins. Further, the discovery of plant hormones has led to great strides in plant biotechnology, including plant tissue cultures, and derivatives of insect hormones and pheromones are now used as pesticides. Thus, applications of natural products chemistry have become all-pervasive in modern society. Apart from the extensive practical applications of natural products and their derivatives, natural products chemistry has played a central role in the development of modern organic chemistry as a result of its focus on structural and synthetic studies of often highly complex and inaccessible molecules. Biosynthetic studies have also attracted much attention, aiming to answer the questions of why and how such a large number and variety of compounds are synthesised by organisms. Researchers in the field of biosynthesis first focused on elucidation of the pathways of secondary metabolism, and then on the mechanisms, of the enzymes catalyzing the biosynthetic reactions. This was an extremely difficult task, because rather large amounts of enzymes are required for the investigation of reaction mechanisms and the enzyme proteins are often unstable and not easy to purify. However, in recent years the development of molecular biology has made gene and protein engineering rather routine. Thus, studies of mechanistic enzymology can now be conducted with cloned and overexpressed enzyme proteins. It has been shown that the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of antibiotics in Streptomyces spp. are encoded in gene clusters. Further, cloning and functional analysis of the genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis should soon cast light on the interesting question of why flavonoids are ubiquitously present in plant leaves. Life is maintained not only by large molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, but also by many small molecules which have essential and diverse roles in the physiology of living organisms. Such compounds often have highly specific interactions with target receptors, but the mechanisms involved largely remain to be explored. Current methodology means that this task can be addressed, and this in turn should lead to a host of new applications for natural products and their derivatives. The key may be an interdisciplinary approach taking account of both biological function and molecular behaviour based on precise structure recognition. As we increasingly understand the mechanisms of molecular recognition that operate in nature, many possibilities should open up for artificial control or modification of biological functions, as well as new challenges for synthetic organic chemists. Our intention in this book is to focus on such dynamic aspects of natural products chemistry. By dealing in detail with representative topics to which the most modern techniques of research have been applied, we hope to emphasize the value of combining traditional approaches to natural products chemists with current biochemical and molecular-biological ideas. Each chapter provides sufficient background information and experimental detail to make the subject accessible to non-specialists. It is our hope that these examples of recent progress in key areas of natural products chemistry will stimulate work in related topics by illustrating the power of a modern interdisciplinary approach to the subject.
This book provides a significant overview of carbon-related membranes. It will cover the development of carbon related membranes and membrane modules from its onset to the latest research on carbon mixed matrix membranes. After reviewing progress in the field, the authors indicate future research directions and prospective development. The authors also attempt to provide a guideline for the readers who would like to establish their own laboratories for carbon membrane research. For this purpose, detailed information on preparation, characterization and testing of various types of carbon membrane is provided. Design and construction of carbon membrane modules are also described in detail.
This book investigates the experience of Japanese women who have immigrated to Australia through marriage to a local partner. Based on long-term participant observations gathered with a Japanese ethnic association in Sydney, and on in-depth interviews with the association’s members, it examines the ways in which the women remould themselves in Australia by constructing gendered selves that reflect their unique migratory circumstances through cross-border marriage. In turn, the book argues that the women tend to embrace expressions of Japanese femininity that they once viewed negatively, and that this is due to their lack of social skills and access to the cultural capital of mainstream Australian society. Re-molding the self through conventional Japanese notions of gender ironically provides them with a convincing identity: that of minority migrant women. Nevertheless, by analyzing these women’s engagement with a Japanese ethnic association in a suburb of Sydney, the book also reveals a nuanced sense of ambivalence; a tension between the women’s Japanese community and their lives in Australia. Accordingly, the book provides a fresh perspective on interdisciplinary issues of gender and migration in a globalized world, and engages with a wide range of academic disciplines including: sociology of migration; sociology of culture; cultural anthropology; cultural studies; Japanese studies; Asian studies; gender studies; family studies; migration studies and qualitative methodologies.
This handy guide has everything you need for quick familiarity with Japanese: useful phrases, pronunciation guide, basic sentence patterns, grammar outline-- PLUS a bilingual dictionary with more than 4000 entries. Don't leave home without it! Key To Pronunciation: simplified spelling takes the mystery out of pronouncing new words, makes it easy to start speaking right away. Basic Sentence Patterns: the "building blocks" for basic statements and questions. Everyday Conversations: situational phrases, questions and answers that travelers are most likely to need. Outline Of Grammar: clear, concise explanations lead to rapid understanding and usability. Bilingual Dictionary: Over 4000 entries cover most frequent words, give helpful information for instant correct usage.
Air pollution, especially ozone, in East and Southeast Asia is considered to be more serious than in Europe and North America. An increase in ozone concentration may lead to adverse effects on forest trees in East and Southeast Asia where we have high species richness. Although some information on the effects of ozone on plantation tree species in East Asia is available, the situation of most countries in Southeast Asia is not clarified. In Japan, advanced methodologies such as the stomatal flux-based approach, use of a free-air ozone fumigation system and stand level studies have started recently. To maintain ecosystem services of forests such as carbon sink and conservation of biodiversity, there is a need to develop our understanding of the effect of ozone on vegetation in East and Southeast Asia. To this end, international cooperative research is important.
Material Characterization using Electron Holography Exploration of a unique technique that offers exciting possibilities to analyze electromagnetic behavior of materials Material Characterization using Electron Holography addresses how the electromagnetic field can be directly visualized and precisely interpreted based on Maxwell’s equations formulated by special relativity, leading to the understanding of electromagnetic properties of advanced materials and devices. In doing so, it delivers a unique route to imaging materials in higher resolution. The focus of the book is on in situ observation of electromagnetic fields of diverse functional materials. Furthermore, an extension of electron holographic techniques, such as direct observation of accumulation and collective motions of electrons around the charged insulators, is also explained. This approach enables the reader to develop a deeper understanding of functionalities of advanced materials. Written by two highly qualified authors with extensive first-hand experience in the field, Material Characterization using Electron Holography covers topics such as: Importance of electromagnetic fields and their visualization, Maxwell’s equations formulated by special relativity, and de Broglie waves and wave functions Outlines of general relativity and Einstein’s equations, principles of electron holography, and related techniques Simulation of holograms and visualized electromagnetic fields, electric field analysis, and in situ observation of electric fields Interaction between electrons and charged specimen surfaces and interpretation of visualization of collective motions of electrons For materials scientists, analytical chemists, structural chemists, analytical research institutes, applied physicists, physicists, semiconductor physicists, and libraries looking to be on the cutting edge of methods to analyze electromagnetic behavior of materials, Material Characterization using Electron Holography offers comprehensive coverage of the subject from authoritative and forward-thinking topical experts.
This book is intended to provide a course of infrared spectroscopy for quantitative analysis, covering both bulk matter and surface/interface analyses. Although the technology of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was established many years ago, the full potential of infrared spectroscopy has not been properly recognized, and its intrinsic potential is still put aside. FT-IR has outstandingly useful characteristics, however, represented by the high sensitivity for monolayer analysis, highly reliable quantitativity, and reproducibility, which are quite suitable for surface and interface analysis. Because infrared spectroscopy provides rich chemical information—for example, hydrogen bonding, molecular conformation, orientation, aggregation, and crystallinity—FT-IR should be the first choice of chemical analysis in a laboratory. In this book, various analytical techniques and basic knowledge of infrared spectroscopy are described in a uniform manner. In particular, techniques for quantitative understanding are particularly focused for the reader’s convenience.
Reverse Osmosis starts with an overview of the historic development of the RO membrane, the RO process, and its effect on other membrane separation processes. Other chapters cover the development of nanocomposites of TFC membranes and modern membrane characterization techniques, such as TEM, AFM and PALS, the RO membrane transport model, and RO membrane fouling. The book also describes, in detail, experimental methods for setting up RO experiments, RO membrane modules, RO membrane systems, and desalination and water treatment by RO. Applications in food, pharmaceutical, chemical, biochemical, petroleum and petrochemical industries are also summarized. Other sections cover the development of RO membranes with high thermal and chemical stability, attempts to develop polymeric or inorganic membranes, and hybrid processes where RO is combined with forward osmosis (FO) or membrane distillation (MD). - Written by renowned experts in the field who have complementary expertise - Provides an in-depth discussion of reverse osmosis transport based on nano-level membrane structure - Comprehensively reviews recent progresses in novel reverse osmosis membrane development
A tennis prodigy leads his handsome tennis club to victory at the national tournament. Four-time consecutive U.S. Junior tournament champ Ryoma Echizen comes to Seishun Academy to further his reign as The Prince of Tennis. His skill is matched only by his attitude--irking some but impressing all as he leads his team to the Nationals and beyond! With only one victory away from advancing to the city tournament, Seishun Academy fields the Prince of Tennis, Ryoma Echizen, to compete against the mysterious and mumbling Shinji of the Fudomine Team. As the punishing battle of skills unfolds, Ryoma develops a muscle paralysis called "Spot," which leaves him with barely enough strength to grip the racket, much less swing it. Refusing to go down without a fight, Ryoma unleashes a "two-sword fighting style" technique that only talented, ambidextrous players are able to execute. Will Ryoma have the strength to pull himself out of the ditch and beat Shinji? And what awaits his ex-pro tennis player father, Nanjiro, when a reporter tracks him down? Find out in the next volume of this intense sports manga!
A tennis prodigy leads his handsome tennis club to victory at the national tournament. Four-time consecutive U.S. Junior tournament champ Ryoma Echizen comes to Seishun Academy to further his reign as The Prince of Tennis. His skill is matched only by his attitude--irking some but impressing all as he leads his team to the Nationals and beyond! At the Kanto Tournament, the brillant play of Hyotei Academy's Gakuto and Yushi's drives Seishun's Momo and Eiji to assume the Australian formation, a technique they masterfully pulled off in a previous match. Meanwhile, the Seishun team of Kaoru and Sadaharu walk into a landmine filled with "scud serves" and accurate, aggressive doubles play. But just when things look bleak, Sadaharu unleashes his well-planned counterattack...
Cardiac CT obtains information about coronary arteries, great arteries and veins, and heart valves. It shows the location and extent of calcified plaque in the coronary arteries and helps detect coronary artery disease at an early stage, which neither traditional imaging techniques nor cardiac testing can do. Over the last decade technologic advances in CT angiography have been made at a rapid rate, and the new applications and refinements of existing technology continue to be made. This issue will help practicing cardiologists to keep up with the latest technology in this important and swiftly moving field.
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