Fundamental theory and practical algorithms of weakly supervised classification, emphasizing an approach based on empirical risk minimization. Standard machine learning techniques require large amounts of labeled data to work well. When we apply machine learning to problems in the physical world, however, it is extremely difficult to collect such quantities of labeled data. In this book Masashi Sugiyama, Han Bao, Takashi Ishida, Nan Lu, Tomoya Sakai and Gang Niu present theory and algorithms for weakly supervised learning, a paradigm of machine learning from weakly labeled data. Emphasizing an approach based on empirical risk minimization and drawing on state-of-the-art research in weakly supervised learning, the book provides both the fundamentals of the field and the advanced mathematical theories underlying them. It can be used as a reference for practitioners and researchers and in the classroom. The book first mathematically formulates classification problems, defines common notations, and reviews various algorithms for supervised binary and multiclass classification. It then explores problems of binary weakly supervised classification, including positive-unlabeled (PU) classification, positive-negative-unlabeled (PNU) classification, and unlabeled-unlabeled (UU) classification. It then turns to multiclass classification, discussing complementary-label (CL) classification and partial-label (PL) classification. Finally, the book addresses more advanced issues, including a family of correction methods to improve the generalization performance of weakly supervised learning and the problem of class-prior estimation.
This volume is an English translation of Sakai's textbook on Riemannian Geometry which was originally written in Japanese and published in 1992. The author's intent behind the original book was to provide to advanced undergraduate and graudate students an introduction to modern Riemannian geometry that could also serve as a reference. The book begins with an explanation of the fundamental notion of Riemannian geometry. Special emphasis is placed on understandability and readability, to guide students who are new to this area. The remaining chapters deal with various topics in Riemannian geometry, with the main focus on comparison methods and their applications.
Hazardous Waste Control in Research and Education considers every aspect of hazardous waste control in universities, hospitals, and industries. It contains a broad array of organization and practices for off-site and on-site handling, and it introduces students, researchers, and managers to the concepts necessary for providing environmental security. The book describes a number of examples and information that is especially useful for constructing new treatment systems in the developing countries.
This volume examines a category of Japanese divinities that centered on the concept of “world renewal” (yonaoshi). In the latter half of the Tokugawa period (1603–1867), a number of entities, both natural and supernatural, came to be worshipped as “gods of world renewal.” These included disgruntled peasants who demanded their local governments repeal unfair taxation, government bureaucrats who implemented special fiscal measures to help the poor, and a giant subterranean catfish believed to cause earthquakes to punish the hoarding rich. In the modern period, yonaoshi gods took on more explicitly anti-authoritarian characteristics. During a major uprising in Saitama Prefecture in 1884, a yonaoshi god was invoked to deny the legitimacy of the Meiji regime, and in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the new religion Ōmoto predicted an apocalyptic end of the world presided over by a messianic yonaoshi god. Using a variety of local documents to analyze the veneration of yonaoshi gods, Takashi Miura looks beyond the traditional modality of research focused on religious professionals, their institutions, and their texts to illuminate the complexity of a lived religion as practiced in communities. He also problematizes the association frequently drawn between the concept of yonaoshi and millenarianism, demonstrating that yonaoshi gods served as divine rectifiers of specific economic injustices and only later, in the modern period and within the context of new religions such as Ōmoto, were fully millenarian interpretations developed. The scope of world renewal, in other words, changed over time. Agents of World Renewal approaches Japanese religion through the new analytical lens of yonaoshi gods and highlights the necessity of looking beyond the boundary often posited between the early modern and modern periods when researching religious discourses and concepts.
Race for Empire offers a profound and challenging reinterpretation of nationalism, racism, and wartime mobilization during the Asia-Pacific war. In parallel case studies—of Japanese Americans mobilized to serve in the United States Army and of Koreans recruited or drafted into the Japanese military—T. Fujitani examines the U.S. and Japanese empires as they struggled to manage racialized populations while waging total war. Fujitani probes governmental policies and analyzes representations of these soldiers—on film, in literature, and in archival documents—to reveal how characteristics of racism, nationalism, capitalism, gender politics, and the family changed on both sides. He demonstrates that the United States and Japan became increasingly alike over the course of the war, perhaps most tellingly in their common attempts to disavow racism even as they reproduced it in new ways and forms.
Negishi examines a broad range of topics in the history of economics that have relevance to current economic theories. The author contends that one of the tasks for historians of economics is to analyze and interpret theories currently outside the mainstream of economic theory, in this case, Walrasian economics. Familiar topics covered include the division of labor, economies of scale, wages, profit, international trade, market mechanisms, and money. These are considered in reference to the well-known non-Walrasian schools of thought.
Gate Dielectrics and MOS ULSIs provides necessary and sufficient information for those who wish to know well and go beyond the conventional SiO2 gate dielectric. The topics particularly focus on dielectric films satisfying the superior quality needed for gate dielectrics even in large-scale integration. And since the quality requirements are rather different between device applications, they are selected in an applicatipn-oriented manner, e.g., conventional SiO2 used in CMOS logic circuits, nitrided oxides, which recently became indispensable for flash memories, and composite ONO and ferroelectric films for passive capacitors used in DRAM applications. The book also covers issues common to all gate dielectrics, such as MOSFET physics, evaluation, scaling, and device application/integration for successful development. The information is as up to date as possible, especially for nanometer-range ultrathin gate-dielectric films indispensible in submicrometer ULSIs. The text together with abundant illustrations will take even the inexperienced reader up to the present high state of the art. It is the first book presenting nitrided gate oxides in detail.
A Creative Collaboration creates new values that can change the world. In a Creative Collaboration, an emergent vigor is produced where team members motivate each other and grow together. This new vigor cannot be attributed to any one team member but to the team as a whole. How can such a Creative Collaboration be achieved? The secrets are scribed in this book. Collaboration Patterns presents 34 distinct patterns that show tips, methods, and views for a successful collaboration. The Collaboration Patterns are written as a pattern language that summarizes the design knowledge that develops from a person's experience into the form of a pattern. It pairs a problem that occurs in a certain context of a design with its solution and gives it a name. Along with discovering ways to practice effective teamwork, we hope you can also imagine the possibilities pattern languages offer.
Using ceremonials such as imperial weddings and funerals as models, T. Fujitani illustrates what visual symbols and rituals reveal about monarchy, nationalism, city planning, discipline, gender, memory, and modernity. Focusing on the Meiji Period (1868-1912), Fujitani brings recent methods of cultural history to a study of modern Japanese nationalism for the first time. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1997. Using ceremonials such as imperial weddings and funerals as models, T. Fujitani illustrates what visual symbols and rituals reveal about monarchy, nationalism, city planning, discipline, gender, memory, and modernity. Focusing on the Meiji Period (1868-19
The goal of the world class company is to produce a product or service that offers customers the highest quality at the lowest cost and in the shortest time possible. Product Design Review describes a highly effective method for quality control in product design, as well as its applications in a wide variety of business settings. Take care of the problems that erupt during product development by nipping them in the bud (during the design stage). Takashi Ichida describes a powerful tool insuring quality at concept stage, thereby eliminating redesign, retooling, rework, and error throughout the production process. The program he describes can be carried out through every phase of new product development - - from product planning to design, production, and marketing. Also explains how you can incorporate your customer feedback into the next production cycle. You'll always need to modify any process improvement technology to suit your company's culture, product type, manufacturing approach, and customer needs. Product Design Review has taken case studies from a cross section of industries and describes each company's unique application of Ichida's process. You'll not only see the tremendous results these companies have achieved by using Design Review, but you'll also see the difficulties they've encountered. Also included are five essays that compare Design Review with other innovations in manufacturing process such as artificial intelligence, checklists, quality function deployment (QFD), design of experiments (DOE), and configuration control.
Terrestrial neutron-induced soft errors in semiconductor memory devices are currently a major concern in reliability issues. Understanding the mechanism and quantifying soft-error rates are primarily crucial for the design and quality assurance of semiconductor memory devices.This book covers the relevant up-to-date topics in terrestrial neutron-induced soft errors, and aims to provide succinct knowledge on neutron-induced soft errors to the readers by presenting several valuable and unique features.
There are numerous elaborate and comprehensive textbooks and guidelines on stroke. However, busy clinicians are constantly bombarded with new knowledge for an infinite number of medical conditions. It becomes a challenge for them to tease out the important information that will help guide them through the care of the patient they have right before them. This handbook is thus conceptualized with both the busy clinician and the stroke patient needing urgent treatment in mind. By providing only essential information in a standard and user-friendly layout, it assists clinicians in making real-time decisions quickly and effectively with actual step-by-step guides on specific issues relevant to the care of stroke patients.The use of this practical handbook is instinctive with the topics arranged in chronological order, simulating the actual clinical scenario from a prehospital setting, consultation in the emergency room, admission to the hospital, to secondary prevention in the clinic. With contributions from over 30 stroke experts in Southeast Asia, this handbook is widely applicable in different medical settings and will certainly appeal to stroke specialists, general practitioners, nurses, paramedics, and medical students alike.
This is an in-depth practical examination of the newly developed Lightweight Treated Soil Method, based on the extensive research and experience of two leading recognized experts. Indispensable to geotechnical and construction engineers or to researchers and professionals interested in coastal engineering techniques, geotechnical engineering or geo
A Creative Presentation uses the knowledge and experience of the audience to inspire the realization of something new. Such a presentation can encourage the audience to realize and take action towards the future. However, as a presentation has limited words, how is such innovation possible? The secrets are scribed in this book. Presentation Patterns presents 34 distinct patterns that show tips, methods, and views for a Creative Presentation. The Presentation Patterns are written as a pattern language that summarizes the design knowledge that develops from a person's experience into the form of a pattern. It pairs a problem that occurs in a certain context of a design with its solution and gives it a name. Along with discovering methods to give an effective presentation, we hope you can also imagine the possibilities that pattern languages offer.
This is a self-contained account of how some modern ideas in differential geometry can be used to tackle and extend classical results in integral geometry. The authors investigate the influence of total curvature on the metric structure of complete, non-compact Riemannian 2-manifolds, though their work, much of which has never appeared in book form before, can be extended to more general spaces. Many classical results are introduced and then extended by the authors. The compactification of complete open surfaces is discussed, as are Busemann functions for rays. Open problems are provided in each chapter, and the text is richly illustrated with figures designed to help the reader understand the subject matter and get intuitive ideas about the subject. The treatment is self-contained, assuming only a basic knowledge of manifold theory, so is suitable for graduate students and non-specialists who seek an introduction to this modern area of differential geometry.
In the fields of biologically active materials and functional materials, fluorinated organic materials are becoming a focus of significant interest. Over the past decade synthetic methodologies and reagents in fluorine chemistry have been developed, especially stereocontrolled synthetic methods, enzymatic resolution to synthesize enantiomers, fluoromethylated reagents, and fluorination reagents. These methods have contributed to the opening of new pathways for fluorinated materials. However, few fluorinated materials have been put to commercial use. Furthermore, there remain problems to be solved, such as the handling of the materials, availability of reagents and selectivity (stereo-, regio-, and/or chemoselectivity). Research chemists, technical engineers, and graduate students in all branches of chemistry, pharmaceutics, and material science interested in fluorinated materials need to know detailed experimental procedures of how to synthesize the target fluorinated materials. This volume summarizes the chemical and microbial methods for obtaining functionalized fluorinated materials for use as building blocks; detailed experimental methods (reaction conditions, solvent, temperature, handling techniques, etc.); and the stereoview (possible absolute configuration) of the structures with spectral data. Mono-, di-, tri-, and polyfluorinated materials derived from fluorinating agents, fluoromethylated reagents and building blocks are summarized. A chemical name index, molecular formula index, and reagent index are also included. The publication of this monograph will provide access to the enormous possibilities in fluorine chemistry, biological material chemistry, and functionalized material chemistry.
The pivotal text that bridges the gap between fundamentals and applications of soft matter in organic electronics Covering an expanding and highly coveted subject area, Supramolecular Soft Matter enlists the services of leading researchers to help readers understand and manipulate the electronic properties of supramolecular soft materials for use in organic opto-electronic devices, such as photovoltaics and field effect transistors, some of the most desired materials for energy conservation. Rather than offering a compilation of current trends in supramolecular soft matter, this book bridges the gap between fundamentals and applications of soft matter in organic electronics in an effort to open new directions in research for applying supramolecular assembly into organic materials while also focusing on the morphological functions originating from the materials' self-assembled architectures. This unique approach distinguishes Supramolecular Soft Matter as a valuable resource for learning to identify concepts that hold promise for the successful development of organic/polymeric electronics for use in real-world applications. Supramolecular Soft Matter: Combines important topics to help supramolecular chemists and organic electronics researchers work together Covers an interdisciplinary field of prime importance to government-supported R&D research Discusses the concepts and perspectives in a dynamic field to aid in the successful development of organic electronics Includes applications for energy conservation like photovoltaics and field effect transistors Teeming with applicable information on both molecular design and synthesis, as well as the development of smart molecular assemblies for organic electronic systems, Supramolecular Soft Matter provides more practical in-depth coverage of this rapidly evolving technology than any other book in its field.
Nanophotonics, a novel optical technology, utilizes the local interaction between nanometric particles via optical near fields. The optical near fields are the elementary surface excitations on nanometric particles, i.e. dressed photons that carry material energy. Of the variety of qualitative innovations in optical technology realized by nanophotonics, this books focuses on fabrication. To fabricate nano-scale photonic devices with nanometer-scale controllability in size and position, we developed a self-assembly method for size- and position-controlled ultra-long nanodot chains using a novel effect of near-field optical desorption. A novel deposition and etching scheme under nonresonant conditions is also demonstrated and its origin is reviewed.
Throughout the world 10 million tons of wood are used every year for paper-making, cellulose preparations, tobacco filters, cloth and dietary supplements. Wood is mainly composed of polysaccharides and lignin which are hydrophilic and hydrophobic respectively. This book describes the academic approaches to native bonds between lignin and the carbohhydrates in wood and other plants. The roles of lignin-carbohydrates complexes are discussed for practical use and wood processing. The authors describe the close relationship between lignin-carbohydrate complexes and biobleaching of kraft pulp, and the residual lignin in kraft pulp and their contribution to benzylated wood foaming. In addition they introduce the artificial lignin-carbohydrate bond formation and an enzymic degradation of lignin-carbohydrate bonds.
Rookie voice actress Wako and scriptwriter Ellie have been living together for a year and a half now. The discovery that a neighbor is a passionate fan of Ellie's writing, and Wako's growing career--including her fellow voice actresses who are pretending to be a couple--make things more complicated, but they still share special times together.
In Creative Learning, learner creates opportunities for learning by himself/herself by launching and implementing his/her own project, and learn through actively creating with others. How can such a Creative Learning be achieved? The secrets are scribed in this book. Learning Patterns presents 40 distinct patterns that show tips, methods, and views for a Creative Learning. The Learning Patterns are written as a pattern language that summarizes the design knowledge that develops from a person's experience into the form of a pattern. It pairs a problem that occurs in a certain context of a design with its solution and gives it a name. Read through the pages and use any or all of the Learning Patterns to make your learning more creative!
Miyazawa Kiichi played a leading role in Japan's government and politics from 1942 until 2003, during which time he served as Prime Minister, and also as Minister of Finance, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of International Trade and Industry, Director General of the Economic Planning Agency, and Chief Cabinet Secretary. In this oral history autobiography, he discusses with candor and detail a wide range of topics, including his 1939 visit to the United States, recovery policies during the postwar occupation, the San Francisco Peace Treaty, and Japan's role in international organizations such as GATT and OECD, and gives a thoughtful insider's view of six decades of Japanese politics, closing with his thoughts on Japan's role in the 21st century. Miyazawa's testimony contains the unmistakable richness of the words of one who was present as history was being made. The political candor, unmatched scope, and largely first-person narrative make this book unique.
Coauthored by the developer of nanophotonics,this book outlines physically intuitive concepts of the subject using a novel theoretical framework that differs from conventional wave optics. After reviewing the background, history, and current status of research and development in nanophotonics and related technologies, the authors present a unique theoretical model to describe the interactions among nanometric material systems via optical near-fields. They then explore nanophotonic devices and fabrication techniques and provide examples of qualitative innovation. The final chapter looks at how the assembly of nanophotonic devices produces a nanophotonic system.
This book covers the practical application of dependable electronic systems in real industry, such as space, train control and automotive control systems, and network servers/routers. The impact from intermittent errors caused by environmental radiation (neutrons and alpha particles) and EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) are introduced together with their most advanced countermeasures. Power Integration is included as one of the most important bases of dependability in electronic systems. Fundamental technical background is provided, along with practical design examples. Readers will obtain an overall picture of dependability from failure causes to countermeasures for their relevant systems or products, and therefore, will be able to select the best choice for maximum dependability.
Intracellular Calcium-Dependent Proteolysis explains what is now known about calpains, which are intracellular, non-lysosomal enzymes involved in intracellular protein catabolism. The book provides a comprehensive overview of topics ranging from the molecular biology of the calpains and their specific inhibitor protein (calpastatin) to physiologic and pathologic consequences of the presence of this proteolytic system in many model cells and tissues. Several theoretical functions of the calpains are discussed, including their potential roles in muscle protein turnover, platelet activation, membrane fusion, and synaptic plasticity. Intracellular Calcium-Dependent Proteolysis is a valuable source of information for researchers and students interested in the regulation of intracellular protein catabolism and the general effects of Ca2+ on cell function.
It is most appropriate that the first volume to appear in the series "Advanced Applications in Pattern Recognition" should be this monograph by Nagao and Matsuyama. The work described here is a deep unification and synthesis of the two fundamental approaches to pat tern recognition: numerical (also known as "statistical") and struc tural ("linguistic," "syntactic"). The power and unity of the meth odology flow from the apparently effortless and natural use of the knowledge-base framework illuminated by the best results of artificial intelligence research. An integral part of the work is the algorithmic solution of many hitherto incompletely or clumsily treated problems. It was on the occasion of a laboratory visit in connection with the 4th IJCPR (of ~hich Professor Nagao was the very able Program Chairman) that I saw in operation the system described here. On the spot I expressed the desire to see the work described for the inter national technical audience in this series and the authors were kind enough to agree to contribute to a new and unknown series. With the publication of this monograph on the eve of the 5th ICPR my wish is fu1fi11~d. I want to thank here the authors and Plenum Publishing Corporation for making this volume and the series a reality.
The Square Persimmon and Other Stories is an introduction to Takashi Atoda—one of Japan's most popular and versatile writers of fiction. Takashi Atocia is a master storyteller. Like the bar madam in "The Glow of Lipstick," he is capable of weaving a tale that captures the reader's attention from beginning to end. His plots deal with ordinary people, yet the emotional impact of each story is unusually strong. His down-to-earth characters inhabit a world that may at first appear familiar, but Atoda can so manipulate a scene that suddenly the reader is wondering whether it is reality or illusion that he is observing. Many stories feature bizarre endings. In these eleven stories, Atoda examines universal themes-first love, lost love, change, fate-through unmistakably Japanese eyes. The dreamlike quality of some stories invites the reader to draw his own conclusions in the denouement. Yet, in each one, Atoda brings to bear his precise style and his own unique vision, by turns mysterious, romantic, darkly humorous, and even bizarre.
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