In the fields of biologically active materials and functional materials, fluorinated organic materials are becoming a focus of significant interest. Over the past decade synthetic methodologies and reagents in fluorine chemistry have been developed, especially stereocontrolled synthetic methods, enzymatic resolution to synthesize enantiomers, fluoromethylated reagents, and fluorination reagents. These methods have contributed to the opening of new pathways for fluorinated materials. However, few fluorinated materials have been put to commercial use. Furthermore, there remain problems to be solved, such as the handling of the materials, availability of reagents and selectivity (stereo-, regio-, and/or chemoselectivity). Research chemists, technical engineers, and graduate students in all branches of chemistry, pharmaceutics, and material science interested in fluorinated materials need to know detailed experimental procedures of how to synthesize the target fluorinated materials. This volume summarizes the chemical and microbial methods for obtaining functionalized fluorinated materials for use as building blocks; detailed experimental methods (reaction conditions, solvent, temperature, handling techniques, etc.); and the stereoview (possible absolute configuration) of the structures with spectral data. Mono-, di-, tri-, and polyfluorinated materials derived from fluorinating agents, fluoromethylated reagents and building blocks are summarized. A chemical name index, molecular formula index, and reagent index are also included. The publication of this monograph will provide access to the enormous possibilities in fluorine chemistry, biological material chemistry, and functionalized material chemistry.
23rd century Japan... a land overflowing with moe, where little sister vs big sister vs childhood friend are the major questions of society... Or at least it was, until Gin and his sisters somehow changed the future! Now the prime minister is some old guy with glasses and all the signs are written in indecipherable kanji! This is bad! There's got to be some way to change the future back to the way it should be!
This book introduces readers to the cutting-edge topic of nanophotonic photochemical reactions and their applications. From among the various innovations in optical technology achieved by means of the non-uniform optical near field, it focuses on photochemical reactions at the nanoscale. Optical near fields are the elementary surface excitations of nanometric particles with non-uniform field distributions. After reviewing the unique properties of the non-uniform optical field, the book presents a range of applications of near-field assisted photochemical reactions, including near-field etching, visible water splitting, carbon dioxide reduction and reactions in solar cells.
Biomaterials are composed of metallic materials, ceramics, polymers, composites and hybrid materials. Biomaterials used in human beings require safety regulations, toxicity, allergic reaction, etc. When used as implantable materials their biological compatibility, biomechanical compatibility, and morphological compatibility must be acessed. This book explores the design and requirements of biomaterials for the use in implantology.
The value of the critical temperature (Tc), below which the thermal explosion of a chemical cannot occur, is indispensable to prevent such a chemical from exploding. In order to determine the Tc it has so far been necessary to measure the value in explosion experiments. Because of the inherent hazards, only few Tc values are available at present. Critical Temperatures for the Thermal Explosion of Chemicals introduces new and simple procedures to calculate the Tc. As a result Tc can be calculated for a range of chemicals, many of which are listed in this new volume. The calculated values of Tc are shown to be in agreement with experimentally determined values. The data and methods presented in Critical Temperatures for the Thermal Explosion of Chemicals will be of use to research laboratories as well as in the chemical industry. - Introduces new and simple procedures for calculating critical temperatures - Lists the T(c) values of chemicals in tables - Explains mathematical expressions in clear simple terms
The evolution of Japan's foreign policy at the time of great transformation-cum-transition after World War II is analysed and considered from two angles: a Japan adrift, with an opportunistic, short-term pragmatism, and a Japan determinedly and tenaciously steadfast to its national interests. Inoguchi provides fascinating and balanced accounts of Japan's foreign policy at a time when its premises are seemingly undermined and its domestic and international underpinnings eroding. First published in 1993, this title is part of the Bloomsbury Academic Collections series.
With effective solutions in both criminal and civil disputes at a premium, reformers have advanced varied forms of jury systems as a means of fostering positive political, economic, and social change. Many countries have recently integrated lay partici
Covering the years of Japanese invasion during World War II from 1937 to 1945, this essay collection recounts Chinese experiences of living and working under conditions of war. Each of the regimes that ruled a divided China—occupation governments, Chinese Nationalists, and Chinese Communists—demanded and glorified the full commitment of the people and their resources in the prosecution of war. Through stories of both everyday people and mid-level technocrats charged with carrying out the war, this book brings to light the enormous gap between the leadership’s demands and the reality of everyday life. Eight long years of war exposed the unrealistic nature of elite demands for unreserved commitment. As the political leaders faced numerous obstacles in material mobilization and retreated to rhetoric of spiritual resistance, the Chinese populace resorted to localized strategies ranging from stoic adaptation to cynical profiteering, articulated variously with touches of humor and tragedy. These localized strategies are examined through stories of people at varying classes and levels of involvement in living, working, and trying to work through the war under the different regimes. In less than a decade, millions of Chinese were subjects of disciplinary regimes that dictated the celebration of holidays, the films available for viewing, the stories told in tea houses, and the restrictions governing the daily operations and participants of businesses—thus impacting the people of China for years to come. This volume looks at the narratives of those affected by the war and regimes to understand perspectives of both sides of the war and its total outcomes. Living and Working in Wartime China depicts the brutal micromanaging of ordinary lives, devoid of compelling national purposes, that both undercut the regimes’ relationships with their people and helped establish the managerial infrastructure of authoritarian regimes in subsequent postwar years.
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