Gate Dielectrics and MOS ULSIs provides necessary and sufficient information for those who wish to know well and go beyond the conventional SiO2 gate dielectric. The topics particularly focus on dielectric films satisfying the superior quality needed for gate dielectrics even in large-scale integration. And since the quality requirements are rather different between device applications, they are selected in an applicatipn-oriented manner, e.g., conventional SiO2 used in CMOS logic circuits, nitrided oxides, which recently became indispensable for flash memories, and composite ONO and ferroelectric films for passive capacitors used in DRAM applications. The book also covers issues common to all gate dielectrics, such as MOSFET physics, evaluation, scaling, and device application/integration for successful development. The information is as up to date as possible, especially for nanometer-range ultrathin gate-dielectric films indispensible in submicrometer ULSIs. The text together with abundant illustrations will take even the inexperienced reader up to the present high state of the art. It is the first book presenting nitrided gate oxides in detail.
Coauthored by the developer of nanophotonics,this book outlines physically intuitive concepts of the subject using a novel theoretical framework that differs from conventional wave optics. After reviewing the background, history, and current status of research and development in nanophotonics and related technologies, the authors present a unique theoretical model to describe the interactions among nanometric material systems via optical near-fields. They then explore nanophotonic devices and fabrication techniques and provide examples of qualitative innovation. The final chapter looks at how the assembly of nanophotonic devices produces a nanophotonic system.
Hazardous Waste Control in Research and Education considers every aspect of hazardous waste control in universities, hospitals, and industries. It contains a broad array of organization and practices for off-site and on-site handling, and it introduces students, researchers, and managers to the concepts necessary for providing environmental security. The book describes a number of examples and information that is especially useful for constructing new treatment systems in the developing countries.
The pivotal text that bridges the gap between fundamentals and applications of soft matter in organic electronics Covering an expanding and highly coveted subject area, Supramolecular Soft Matter enlists the services of leading researchers to help readers understand and manipulate the electronic properties of supramolecular soft materials for use in organic opto-electronic devices, such as photovoltaics and field effect transistors, some of the most desired materials for energy conservation. Rather than offering a compilation of current trends in supramolecular soft matter, this book bridges the gap between fundamentals and applications of soft matter in organic electronics in an effort to open new directions in research for applying supramolecular assembly into organic materials while also focusing on the morphological functions originating from the materials' self-assembled architectures. This unique approach distinguishes Supramolecular Soft Matter as a valuable resource for learning to identify concepts that hold promise for the successful development of organic/polymeric electronics for use in real-world applications. Supramolecular Soft Matter: Combines important topics to help supramolecular chemists and organic electronics researchers work together Covers an interdisciplinary field of prime importance to government-supported R&D research Discusses the concepts and perspectives in a dynamic field to aid in the successful development of organic electronics Includes applications for energy conservation like photovoltaics and field effect transistors Teeming with applicable information on both molecular design and synthesis, as well as the development of smart molecular assemblies for organic electronic systems, Supramolecular Soft Matter provides more practical in-depth coverage of this rapidly evolving technology than any other book in its field.
Miyazawa Kiichi played a leading role in Japan's government and politics from 1942 until 2003, during which time he served as Prime Minister, and also as Minister of Finance, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of International Trade and Industry, Director General of the Economic Planning Agency, and Chief Cabinet Secretary. In this oral history autobiography, he discusses with candor and detail a wide range of topics, including his 1939 visit to the United States, recovery policies during the postwar occupation, the San Francisco Peace Treaty, and Japan's role in international organizations such as GATT and OECD, and gives a thoughtful insider's view of six decades of Japanese politics, closing with his thoughts on Japan's role in the 21st century. Miyazawa's testimony contains the unmistakable richness of the words of one who was present as history was being made. The political candor, unmatched scope, and largely first-person narrative make this book unique.
Nanophotonics, a novel optical technology, utilizes the local interaction between nanometric particles via optical near fields. The optical near fields are the elementary surface excitations on nanometric particles, i.e. dressed photons that carry material energy. Of the variety of qualitative innovations in optical technology realized by nanophotonics, this books focuses on fabrication. To fabricate nano-scale photonic devices with nanometer-scale controllability in size and position, we developed a self-assembly method for size- and position-controlled ultra-long nanodot chains using a novel effect of near-field optical desorption. A novel deposition and etching scheme under nonresonant conditions is also demonstrated and its origin is reviewed.
This volume is a collection of articles on orbifolds, algebraic curves with higher spin structures, and related invariants of Gromov-Witten type. Orbifold Gromov-Witten theory generalizes quantum cohomology for orbifolds, whereas spin cohomological field theory is based on the moduli spaces of higher spin curves and is related by Witten's conjecture to the Gelfand-Dickey integrable hierarchies. A common feature of these two very different looking theories is the central role played by orbicurves in both of them. Insights in one theory can often yield insights into the other. This book brings together for the first time papers related to both sides of this interaction. The articles in the collection cover diverse topics, such as geometry and topology of orbifolds, cohomological field theories, orbifold Gromov-Witten theory, $G$-Frobenius algebra and singularities, Frobenius manifolds and Givental's quantization formalism, moduli of higher spin curves and spin cohomological field theory.
This book aims to explain to the readers the basic idea of the general equilibrium theory, which forms the core of the current mainstream economics called neoclassical school. To understand this theory is absolutely necessary, either to study further or to criticize the contemporary economic theories. The author not only explains traditional theories, but also makes clear the many problems which are still unsolved. As a text book or reference book for those students who are studying microeconomics for the first time, the author recommends the use of Chapter 1, Chapter 2 (except section 9), Chapter 3 (from section 1 to section 3, section 6, section 11), Chapter 4 (from section 1 to section 4), Chapter 5 (from section 1 to section 5, section 8), Chapter 6 (except sections 6 and 7), Chapter 7 (from section 1 to section 5), Chapter 8 (from section 1 to section 6) and Chapter 9 (sections 1, 4 and 7). For more advanced readers, the author recommends the remaining sections and the literature recommended in the last part of each chapter. Problems given at the end of each chapter allow readers to confirm understanding of the content of the chapter and suggest to the readers more advanced studies. Incidentally, the author tried to avoid the use of the advanced mathematics. Only elementary knowledge of differential calculus and linear algebra are required to read this book.
Developments of International Trade Theory offers the life-long reflections of a distinguished Japanese scholar who pioneered the application of general equilibrium theory to international trade. Written in a style that makes it easily accessible to scholars and students, the book combines standard topics on international trade with a discussion of the evolution of the theory and as well as recent discussions on topics such as immiserizing growth. This book consists of two parts. Part I examines the historical progression of international trade theory, and Part II addresses the modern theory and recent developments of international trade. In this way the book offers a comprehensive evaluation of the non-monetary problems of international economics. Taking advantage of the publication of this new edition, the author includes two new chapters, “Adam Smith and Disequilibrium Economic Theory” and “Complete Specialization in Classical Economics,” which readers will profit from reading after they have studied the basic theories of international trade in the main part of the book.
This volume examines the properties of statistics on household behavior in Japan. This work is an essential guide for all researchers who are interested in household decision making and the Japanese economy. Many household surveys are conducted in Japan reflecting the fact that household activities have various aspects such as income earning, timing and pattern choice of expenditure and consumption, asset portfolio choice, labor supply decision, time use, and health status. Moreover, the contents of each survey overlap in a complex manner to present a serious obstacle for potential survey users. In this book, the basic information from each survey such as sampling methods, survey techniques, and available variables is provided and then compared to check the consistency across the same variables reported in different surveys. Exploring strengths and weaknesses of each survey, this book is highly recommended to readers who seek comprehensive, up-to-date information about Japanese surveys and want to use appropriate data for their analysis.
Biomaterials are composed of metallic materials, ceramics, polymers, composites and hybrid materials. Biomaterials used in human beings require safety regulations, toxicity, allergic reaction, etc. When used as implantable materials their biological compatibility, biomechanical compatibility, and morphological compatibility must be acessed. This book explores the design and requirements of biomaterials for the use in implantology.
“Exotic, entertaining . . . [an] exceptional first novel.”—San Francisco Chronicle The year is 1861. After two centuries of isolation, Japan has opened its doors to the West. And as foreign ships threaten to rain destruction on the Shogun’s castle in Edo, a small group of American missionaries has arrived to spread the word of their God. They have yet to realize that their future in Japan has already been foreseen. For a young nobleman has dreamt that his life will be saved by an outsider in the New Year. . . and it is said that Lord Genji has the gift of prophecy. What happens next—when the handsome lord meets an appa rently reformed gunslinger and a woman in flight from her own destructive beauty—sets the stage for a remarkable adventure. For as this unlikely band embarks on a journey through a landscape bristling with danger, East and West, flesh and spirit, past and future, collide in ways no one—least of all Genji—could have imagined. Praise for Cloud of Sparrows “The book seizes you from start to finish.”—The Washington Post “Adventure-filled.”—Entertainment Weekly “Rich . . . with an ambitious, unexpected ending that cuts deeper than a samurai sword.”—San Francisco Chronicle
Scale and Scope is Alfred Chandler's first major work since his Pulitzer Prize-winning The Visible Hand. Representing ten years of research into the history of the managerial business system, this book concentrates on patterns of growth and competitiveness in the United States, Germany, and Great Britain, tracing the evolution of large firms into multinational giants and orienting the late twentieth century's most important developments. This edition includes the entire hardcover edition with the exception of the Appendix Tables.
This textbook is for students studying medicine and other biosciences. Understanding biochemistry requires basic understanding of organic chemistry. The main purpose of this book is, therefore, to help students to understand biomolecule-related organic chemistry. Fundamental theories such as the molecular orbital method, thermodynamic law, frontier orbital theory, and molecular interactions, which have not been covered in basic organic chemistry textbooks, are explored. The book also describes the chemistry of important biomolecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, as well as discussing organic photochemistry.
As the world's third-ranking economic power, Japan's style of management, such as the lifetime employment system, the seniority system, and an enterprise union, has been well studied. However, little else is known about the Japanese management control systems (MCSs) and management accounting systems, which are significantly different from other economic powers. This book sheds light on Japanese MCSs and the differences with those of the United States, illustrated with examples from Mitsubishi Electric, Kao, and more. This book aids not only researchers in management accounting, but also provides more useful insight for international investors and management accountants that can prove useful in business management.
Bone augmentation is a procedure to replace and repair fractured bone in extreme circumstances. The materials used in such grafting techniques must be biocompatible and might come from natural bone sources or synthetic materials. This book defines bone augmentation and describes different bone grafting materials, techniques, and applications. Recently developed materials are also explored.
While legislation protecting employees exists in most advanced countries, the notion of who actually is an employee has become unstable. Moreover, the decentralization of traditional collective bargaining is clearly under way everywhere, and the all-important balance between workers' security and employers' flexibility continues to change radically, either retreating toward individual statutory rights or seeking new forms of employee representation. Labour Law in Motion reprints sixteen reports originally submitted to the seventh Comparative Labor Law Seminar (Tokyo Seminar) sponsored by the Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training in March 2004. Eleven expert authors describe the situation in their respective countries with regard to issues such as the following:criteria used to determine whether a person is an employee;what categories of non-employee exist, and what measure of statutory protection is afforded to such persons;variations in the concept of employee among labour law, tax law, and social security law;regulation of terms and conditions of employment; the forms and legal nature of employee representation;current trends in deregulation or `re-regulation' of labour laws;mechanisms permitting deviation from legal norms; and,the manner and extent of labour law intervention in the labour market. All eleven authors emphasize recent and ongoing changes in their countries' labour laws and evaluate the factors that have contributed to such changes. Each author concludes that reform of traditional labour laws is indeed necessary. However, the book as a whole clearly demonstrates that the content of such reform differs from country to country, particularly in the extent to which labour law entrusts the regulation of working conditions to the market. Offering as it does a clear and concise summary of the recent and current experience of labour relations in eight major industrialized countries, Labour Law in Motion is an essential resource for professionals and officials engaged in any aspect of labour law or regulation in any country.
It is most appropriate that the first volume to appear in the series "Advanced Applications in Pattern Recognition" should be this monograph by Nagao and Matsuyama. The work described here is a deep unification and synthesis of the two fundamental approaches to pat tern recognition: numerical (also known as "statistical") and struc tural ("linguistic," "syntactic"). The power and unity of the meth odology flow from the apparently effortless and natural use of the knowledge-base framework illuminated by the best results of artificial intelligence research. An integral part of the work is the algorithmic solution of many hitherto incompletely or clumsily treated problems. It was on the occasion of a laboratory visit in connection with the 4th IJCPR (of ~hich Professor Nagao was the very able Program Chairman) that I saw in operation the system described here. On the spot I expressed the desire to see the work described for the inter national technical audience in this series and the authors were kind enough to agree to contribute to a new and unknown series. With the publication of this monograph on the eve of the 5th ICPR my wish is fu1fi11~d. I want to thank here the authors and Plenum Publishing Corporation for making this volume and the series a reality.
The scope of the general equilibrium (GE) theory has so far been limited to the Walrasian tradition. Indeed, the theories of competitive equilibria and the core are nothing but the modern mathematical analysis of the economic ideas due to Walras, Edgeworth and Pareto. Consequently, recent books in this field are inclined to be heavily technical and mathematical.On the other hand, the modern GE theory has not completed the study of increasing returns and monopolistic competition, which belong to the alternative important stream of economic thought, namely the Marshallian tradition. This book aims to fill this gap, by proving the existence of a competitive equilibrium with increasing returns coming from externalities in a dynamic economy and a monopolistically competitive equilibrium with the technologies exhibiting increasing returns coming from a large set-up cost. Also intended as a basic graduate textbook on GE theory, it contains all the basic results and mathematical techniques in this field, such as measure theory, manifold theory and Banach space theory.A unique feature of the book compared to classical monographs on GE is its emphasis on the historical nature of the subject, and not only the mathematical nature. Students are expected to learn that those mathematically formidable techniques are indeed necessary for tackling many economic problems which have been significant not only in the mathematical or technical context, but also in the historical and traditional context./a
This book provides a new analytical approach for dynamic data repeatedly measured from multiple subjects over time. Random effects account for differences across subjects. Auto-regression in response itself is often used in time series analysis. In longitudinal data analysis, a static mixed effects model is changed into a dynamic one by the introduction of the auto-regression term. Response levels in this model gradually move toward an asymptote or equilibrium which depends on covariates and random effects. The book provides relationships of the autoregressive linear mixed effects models with linear mixed effects models, marginal models, transition models, nonlinear mixed effects models, growth curves, differential equations, and state space representation. State space representation with a modified Kalman filter provides log likelihoods for maximum likelihood estimation, and this representation is suitable for unequally spaced longitudinal data. The extension to multivariate longitudinal data analysis is also provided. Topics in medical fields, such as response-dependent dose modifications, response-dependent dropouts, and randomized controlled trials are discussed. The text is written in plain terms understandable for researchers in other disciplines such as econometrics, sociology, and ecology for the progress of interdisciplinary research.
This volume is an English translation of Sakai's textbook on Riemannian Geometry which was originally written in Japanese and published in 1992. The author's intent behind the original book was to provide to advanced undergraduate and graudate students an introduction to modern Riemannian geometry that could also serve as a reference. The book begins with an explanation of the fundamental notion of Riemannian geometry. Special emphasis is placed on understandability and readability, to guide students who are new to this area. The remaining chapters deal with various topics in Riemannian geometry, with the main focus on comparison methods and their applications.
In the fields of biologically active materials and functional materials, fluorinated organic materials are becoming a focus of significant interest. Over the past decade synthetic methodologies and reagents in fluorine chemistry have been developed, especially stereocontrolled synthetic methods, enzymatic resolution to synthesize enantiomers, fluoromethylated reagents, and fluorination reagents. These methods have contributed to the opening of new pathways for fluorinated materials. However, few fluorinated materials have been put to commercial use. Furthermore, there remain problems to be solved, such as the handling of the materials, availability of reagents and selectivity (stereo-, regio-, and/or chemoselectivity). Research chemists, technical engineers, and graduate students in all branches of chemistry, pharmaceutics, and material science interested in fluorinated materials need to know detailed experimental procedures of how to synthesize the target fluorinated materials. This volume summarizes the chemical and microbial methods for obtaining functionalized fluorinated materials for use as building blocks; detailed experimental methods (reaction conditions, solvent, temperature, handling techniques, etc.); and the stereoview (possible absolute configuration) of the structures with spectral data. Mono-, di-, tri-, and polyfluorinated materials derived from fluorinating agents, fluoromethylated reagents and building blocks are summarized. A chemical name index, molecular formula index, and reagent index are also included. The publication of this monograph will provide access to the enormous possibilities in fluorine chemistry, biological material chemistry, and functionalized material chemistry.
This is an in-depth practical examination of the newly developed Lightweight Treated Soil Method, based on the extensive research and experience of two leading recognized experts. Indispensable to geotechnical and construction engineers or to researchers and professionals interested in coastal engineering techniques, geotechnical engineering or geomaterials, it comprises a full review of the lightweight treated soil method and its applications, along with numerous case-studies throughout Japan.
Ozawa Ichirō is one of the most important figures in Japanese politics, having held the positions of Chief Secretary of the Liberal Democrat Party and, after defection from the LDP, President of the Democratic Party of Japan. Ozawa has distinctive ideas that set him apart from the average Japanese politician, he believes in the concept of the independence of the individual, as opposed to the importance of the group, and as a policy entrepreneur he has had a huge impact on political change not only advocating but precipitating institutional change in a key political area – the election system. Using extensive interview data from key players in the political arena, this book examines Ozawa's struggle to normalize alternation in office between two competing political parties – particularly significant given the results of the 2009 election which handed over power to the Democratic Party of Japan – and how he has used his entrepreneurial talents to precipitate and carry out institutional change. Not only a political biography, but also an in-depth analysis of the Japanese political and electoral systems, this book will be of huge interest to anyone interested in Japanese politics and electoral systems.
Automatic generation control (AGC) is one of the most important control problems in the design and operation of interconnected power systems. Its significance continues to grow as a result of several factors: the changing structure and increasing size, complexity, and functionality of power systems, the rapid emergence (and uncertainty) of renewable energy sources, developments in power generation/consumption technologies, and environmental constraints. Delving into the fundamentals of power system AGC, Intelligent Automatic Generation Control explores ways to make the infrastructures of tomorrow smarter and more flexible. These frameworks must be able to handle complex multi-objective regulation optimization problems, and they must be highly diversified in terms of policies, control strategies, and wide distribution in demand and supply sources—all via an intelligent scheme. The core of such intelligent systems should be based on efficient, adaptable algorithms, advanced information technology, and fast communication devices to ensure that the AGC systems can maintain generation-load balance following serious disturbances. This book addresses several new schemes using intelligent control techniques for simultaneous minimization of system frequency deviation and tie-line power changes, which is required for successful operation of interconnected power systems. It also concentrates on physical and engineering aspects and examines several developed control strategies using real-time simulations. This reference will prove useful for engineers and operators in power system planning and operation, as well as academic researchers and students in field of electrical engineering.
This book first describes medical devices in relation to regenerative medicine before turning to a more specific topic: artificial heart technologies. Not only the pump mechanisms but also the bearing, motor mechanisms, and materials are described, including expert information. Design methods are described to enhance hemocompatibility: main concerns are reduction of blood cell damage and protein break, as well as prevention of blood clotting. Regulatory science from R&D to clinical trials is also discussed to verify the safety and efficacy of the devices.
This book offers detailed step-by-step advice on how to design and construct Japanese gardens in various environments, using only materials widely available in the West.
Bioceramics, Volume 9 contains a compilation of the papers presented at the Ninth International Symposium in Ceramics in Medicine which was held in Otsu, Japan in November 1996. Over 150 papers were submitted to this symposium from 19 countries and 120 contributed papers and 8 invited papers for panel discussion were accepted. The readers will get a good overview of the recent progress in this discipline. The variety of ceramics and fields of their clincal applications are steadily growing and this book will undoubtedly contribute to the progression of this research area. In this symposium, a panel discussion on current status and future trend of ceramics in medicine was held by invited speakers doing research on the next generation of ceramics. General sessions consisting of the contributed papers were classified according to the kind of materials so that active discussion could arise concerning the respective material between ceramic scientists and medical scientists.
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