It is a well known fact that Japan spends only a small percentage of her gross national product on defense. What is not well known, however, is the fact that Japan's defense budget ranks among the top in the world and that her self-defense forces are considered to be amongst the best conventional armed forces in the world. Since empirical studies concerning Japan's military expansion are rare both in Japanese and English, the book takes up this neglected area. It examines Japan's military expansion and the decision-making of her defense policy between 1976 and 2007, focusing on the National Defense Program outline and the guidelines for United States-Japan Defense Cooperation. This book deals with how the bureaucratic politics model applies to the case of Japan's defense policy and demonstrates some similarities and differences between Japanese and United States decision-making.
A polarised variety is a modern generalization of the notion of a variety in classical algebraic geometry. It consists of a pair: the algebraic variety itself, together with an ample line bundle on it. Using techniques from abstract algebraic geometry that have been developed over recent decades, Professor Fujita develops classification theories of such pairs using invariants that are polarised higher-dimensional versions of the genus of algebraic curves. The heart of the book is the theory of D-genus and sectional genus developed by the author, but numerous related topics are discussed or sur.
First published in 1999, this book offers a new study of local government in Japan. There is an enormous amount of information about Japanese local government that has not yet appeared in English. With the author’s local familiarity, elected local officials and local residents have been extraordinarily open and forthcoming. This allows a rethinking of the topic by mobilising a multitude of solid factual material. Japan has dealt with the dramatically increased public sector, but has done so in a setting of institutional centralisation. How has central authority sought to find ways of managing the continuous expansion of state activities? How have local authorities responded to central government’s initiative in integrating state administration? The answers the book gives to these questions present an alternative understanding of Japanese local government.
Democratic leaders around the world are finding it increasingly difficult to exercise strong leadership and maintain public support. However, there is nowhere that this has proven to be as challenging of a task as Japan, which has seen its top leaders change more often over the past 25 years than any other major country in the world. The current prime minister has strived to put an end to this pattern, but can he buck this historical trend? More fundamentally, why do Japan's prime ministers find it so difficult to project strong leadership, or even stay in office? And what are the ramifications for Japan's partners and for the world? This volume, authored by contributors who straddle the scholarly and policymaking worlds in Japan, explores the obstacles facing Japan as it looks for greater leadership and explains why this matters for the rest of the world.
Takao Tanase seamlessly combines sociolegal and philosophical analysis as he explores the tensions between individual legal rights and communitarian values in settings ranging from post-divorce visitation rights to tort liability, lawyer client relationships, and rising litigation rates. Contrasting Japan with the individualistic thrust of American law, Tanase stresses the importance of building legal processes that encourage stronger social and communal bonds. Students of law and society on all continents will find rich food for thought in this intellectually bold and intriguing volume. Robert A. Kagan, University of California, Berkeley, US Takao Tanase s Community and the Law is a path breaking and often surprising interpretation of legal culture in Japan which includes subtle analyses of the changing role of lawyers and courts and the extent to which modernity and reliance on law are interlinked. But it is much more than that. His reflections on the different way law responds to social dilemmas in Japan and the USA are the building blocks of a much more ambitious project no less than constructing a coherent account of what law can and should do to maintain communal ties in postmodern times. The book is a pleasure to read for its learning and sophistication. Nottage and Wolff also deserve high praise for their light touch as editors and translators. David Nelken, University of Cardiff, UK and University of Macerata, Italy This important book translates seven landmark essays by one of Japan s most respected and influential legal thinkers. While Takao Tanase concedes that law might not matter as much in Japan as it does in the United States, in a provocative challenge to socio-legal researchers and comparative lawyers, he asks: why should it? The issue, he contends, is not whether law matters to society; it is how society matters to law. Developing a descriptive and normative theory of community and the law, the author directly challenges the view that legal liberalism represents the pinnacle of legal achievement. He criticises liberalism for destroying community in the United States and for offering false hope for a delayed modernity in Japan. By applying a distinctive interpretivist methodology, he constructs a communitarian model of law and society that serves as an alternative to legal liberalism. The book challenges conventional understandings of such legal sociological staples as torts, lawyers ethics, family law, human rights, constitutionalism and litigiousness. This fascinating book will prove a stimulating, thought provoking read for researchers and scholars of law, Japanese and American studies, sociology and jurisprudence.
During recent years, major advances in surgical techniques, diagnostic methods, anesthesia and adjunctive treatment in the care of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage have been achieved. Nevertheless, the overall outcome of patients with SAH cannot be regarded as satisfactory. The first part of the book concentrates on the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying vasospasm and edema, the principal causes of poor outcome. Recent progress in the field of membrane lipid metabolism has allowed the problem to be approached from an entirely new perspective. The possible participation of free radicals, membrane lipids and eicosanoids is thoroughly discussed. The second part features the problems of practical management of SAH patients. Timing and indication of surgery of aneurysms and the surgical techniques are described in detail.
In this book, density functional theory (DFT) is introduced within the overall context of quantum chemistry. DFT has become the most frequently used theory in quantum chemistry calculations. However, thus far, there has been no book on the fundamentals of DFT that uses the terminology and methodology of quantum chemistry, which is familiar to many chemists, including experimentalists. This book first reviews the basic concepts and historical background of quantum chemistry and then explains those of DFT, showing how the latter fits into the bigger picture. Recent interesting topics of DFT in chemistry are also targeted. In particular, the physical meanings of state-of-the-art exchange-correlation functionals and their corrections are described in detail. Owing to its unconventionality, this book is certain to be of great interest not only to chemists but also to solid state physicists.
Metallic materials are used in many medical devices due to their high mechanical reliability and their excellent strength and toughness. They account for more than 70% of internally implantable devices (implants). This book helps understand the necessity and problems of metal materials used in medical applications. This book was written with the goal of helping students learn the essentials of metallic biomaterials and acquire knowledge that can be applied in a progressive manner. The target audience for this book are students, graduate students, engineers, medical doctors, and others who need knowledge about metallic biomaterials.
This book provides comprehensive coverage of smart biomaterials and their potential applications, a field that is developing at a very rapid pace. Because smart biomaterials are an emerging class of biomaterials that respond to small changes in external stimuli with large discontinuous changes in their physical properties, they have been designed to act as an “on–off” switch for, among others, bio separation, immunoanalysis, drug delivery technologies, gene therapy, diagnostics, bio sensors and artificial muscles. After an introduction to the topic and the history of smart biomaterials, the author gives the reader an in-depth look at the properties, mechanics, and characterization of smart biomaterials including hydrogels, particles, assemblies, surfaces, fibers and conjugates. Information on the wide range of applications for these materials follows, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, diagnostics, biosensors, bio separation and actuators. In addition, recent advances in shape memory biomaterials as active components of medical devices are also presented.
Environmental issues stretch across scales of geographic space and require action at multiple levels of jurisdiction, including the individual level, community level, national level, and global level. Much of the scholarly work surrounding new approaches to environmental governance tends to overlook the role of sub-national governments, but this study examines the potential of sub-national participation to make policy choices which are congruent with global strategies and national mandates. This book investigates the emerging actors and new channels of Japan’s environmental governance which has been taking shape within an increasingly globalized international system. By analysing this important new phenomenon, it sheds light on the changing nature of Japan’s environmental policy and politics, and shows how the links between global strategies, national mandates and local action serve as an influential factor in Japan’s changing structures of environmental governance. Further, it demonstrates that decision-making competencies are shared between actors operating at different levels and in new spheres of authority, resulting from collaboration between state and non-state actors. It highlights a number of the problems, challenges, and critiques of the actors in environmental governance, as well as raising new empirical and theoretical puzzles for the future study of governance over environmental and global issues. Finally, it concludes that changes in the tiers and new spheres of authority are leading the nation towards an environmentally stable future positioned within socio-economic and political constraints. Demonstrating that bridging policy gaps between local action, national policy and global strategies is potentially a way of reinventing environmental policy, this book will be of interest to students and scholars of Environmental Studies, Environmental Politics and Japanese Politics.
First Published in 1988, this book offers a full, comprehensive guide into the toxicity of hormones during childbirth. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of notes, diagrams, and references this book serves as a useful reference for students of midwifery, and other practitioners in their respective fields.
Providing a succinct introduction to the systemization, noise sources, and signal processes of image sensor technology, Essential Principles of Image Sensors discusses image information and its four factors: space, light intensity, wavelength, and time. Featuring clarifying and insightful illustrations, this must-have text: Explains how image sensors convert optical image information into image signals Treats space, wavelength, and time as digitized built-in coordinate points in image sensors and systems Details the operational principles, pixel technology, and evolution of CCD, MOS, and CMOS sensors with updated technology Describes sampling theory, presenting unique figures demonstrating the importance of phase Explores causes for the decline of image information quality In a straightforward manner suitable for beginners and experts alike, Essential Principles of Image Sensors covers key topics related to digital imaging including semiconductor physics, component elements necessary for image sensors, silicon as a sensitive material, noises in sensors, and more.
The book is about new dynamic forces that are driving change in Japan. It is developed around two key concepts of civil society and social capital. The focus is on pathways to Japan's social renewal that promotes stronger communities and more participatory citizenship beyond the reach of economic growth.
This text features most of the important theorems and algorithms for planar graphs. Suitable as a textbook, it is also useful for researchers and includes an extensive reference section. 1988 edition.
During the half century from the 1950s to the year 2000, Japan emerged as a major international aid donor. In 1989 it became the largest bilateral air donor in the world. How did Japan emerge as a top education aid donor? What external and internal pressures shaped the development of aid policies? What Japanese interests were served? How has the Japanese government exercised a global leadership of education aid policies? This study addresses these questions by tracking the evolution of education aid policies as they have been revealed by subgovernments as specialized decisionmaking units within a government.
Underling biology that governs the age-dependent seizure susceptibility is a new, exciting research field for every pediatric epileptologists and developmental nouroscientists. From daily practice, clinicians are well aware about a close correlation between the degree of seizure susceptibility and age of the individual. Pathophysiological mechanisms involved are multiplex, including race/gender nutrition, receptors/ion channels, dysgenesis, pharmacokinetics of AEDs, acute illnesses/inflammation and many others. In this book, the top-ranked experts contributed their original papers dealing with the cutting edge of knowledge in various aspects of underlying biology. Each article presents a comprehensive review of the subjects, guiding the readers to better understanding the contemporary status of achievements in this challenging research field.
A renowned world authority on organic rice farming makes his 2007 Ph.D. dissertation available in English. The integrated rice and duck farming system is described and compared with European farming systems and other traditional Asian systems using ducks.
Highlights from one of the most successful international psychology conferences since the beginning of this century Diversity in Harmony distills the Proceedings of the 31st International Congress of Psychology into selected readings that highlight the Congress’s theme. The text includes research that offers recent insights gained from multidisciplinary perspectives and methodologies. The volume also contains chapters that put psychology at the center of our understanding and ability to address the many problems facing groups and individuals in modern society. As the contributors clearly show, the social problems often require multidisciplinary approaches. With contributions from experts from around the globe, the book explores a wealth of topics that examine new synergies such as artificial empathy, prosocial primates and understanding about others’ actions in chimpanzees and humans. The volume also contains readings on psychology confronting societal challenges with topics including: Culturally relevant personality assessment; Emotion-related self-regulation and Children's social, psychological and academic functioning. This vital resource: Presents readings from presentations that were highlighted at the 31st International Congress of Psychology Includes contributions from an international panel of renowned experts Offers information that compares the minds of primates and contemporary humans, and examines human cognitive capability Contains 24 chapters that explore a wide range of topics presented at the Congress Written for professionals and students in the field, Diversity in Harmony is filled with contributions from noted experts and offers a reflection of the state of psychology in the second decade of the 21st century.
Akari is a cute but somewhat inhibited teenage girl who attends high school with her childhood chums, Hiroyuki and Masashi. Though she regards these two along the lines of siblings, Akari finds her world becoming troublesome as her adolescent affection for the generous and warm-hearted Hiroyuki begins to grow onto something more. The complications only thicken when a beautiful senior, Serika Kurusugawa, steps into the picture. Akari finds her solution in an unlikely place: An android named Multi, who happens to be training to become a full fledged maid robot, just might be able to use her machined mind to help Akari overcome her shyness and win Hiroyuki's love!
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