The formation of metastable and equilibrium phases in binary Al–Li, ternary Al–Li–Mg and Al–Li–Cu, and quaternary Al–Cu–Li–Mg alloys has been studied by using a variety of experimental techniques including differential scanning calorimetry, electrical resistivity, X-ray diffraction, conventional and high-resolution electron microscopy and 3D atom probe measurements. Al3Li (δ′) is the strengthening phase in binary Al–Li and ternary Al–Li–Mg alloys. Mg reduces the solubility of Li in Al and also substitutes for Li in δ′. The characteristics of θ′ (and θ) and T1 phases in Al–Li–Cu alloys and the composition limits where these phases are formed are well understood. For low Li contents (1.4–1.5%). Formation of T1 is promoted by small additions of Ag and Mg and by cold work prior to artificial aging. Zr forms the metastable β′ (Al3Zr) phase, which has an appreciable effect on retarding recrystallization besides providing nucleation sites for composite δ′ particles. Sc and Yb additions behave in a similar way; the added advantage is improved creep strength. The available information from phase equilibria studies of Al–Li–Cu–Mg alloys is somewhat limited, but sufficient to give an indication of the desirable solution treatment and aging temperatures and the phases formed at these temperatures. 3D atom probe studies suggest the involvement of Mg atoms in the formation of clusters which lead to the formation of the T1 phase, during artificial ageing of aging of quenched Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloys. All these aspects are covered in detail, with specific reference to different commercial and semi-commercial Al–Li alloys, wherever possible.
Wild—untamed, hostile, remote. Yet, wild can be gentle, welcoming, and inspiring, too. This is the wild that preoccupies biologist Shankar Raman as he writes about trees and bamboos, hornbills and elephants, leopards and myriad other species. Species found not just out there in far wildernesses—from the Thar desert to the Kalakad rainforests, from Narcondam Island to Namdapha—but amid us, in gardens and cities, in farms, along roadsides. And he writes about the forces that gouge land and disfigure landscapes, rip trees and shred forests, pollute rivers and contaminate the air, slaughter animals along roads and rail tracks—impelling a motivation to care, and to conserve nature. Through this collection of essays, Shankar Raman attempts to blur, if not dispel, the sharp separation between humans and nature, to lead you to discover that the wild heart of India beats in your chest, too.
The purpose of this book is to draw together the world-wide literature on the occurrence and analytical determination of all types of organic, organometallic and inorganic compounds in soils, animals, crops, plants, grains, dairy products and processed foods. Animal feed and fertilizers are also discussed.
This book brings together in one place all available information on the determination of metals, organics, organometallic compounds, anions, cations, dissolved gases, radioactive substances and miscellaneous determinands in natural and treated waters.
Determination of Metals in Natural Waters, Sediments and Soils provides analytic labs with a comprehensive overview of the various methods available for analysis of metals and serves as a manual to determine metal concentrations in different media such as natural waters, waste waters, sediments and soils. The book begins with a discussion of sampling techniques and preservation and then covers metals in rivers, surface ground and mineral waters and metals in aqueous precipitation. It concludes with detailed information on analysis of metals in sediments. Determination of Metals in Natural Waters, Sediments and Soils provides a foundation for informed action by environmental interest groups and regulators and a starting point for further study by graduate students, professionals, and researchers. - Includes all of the methods currently available to assess metals in water, sediments and soils - Covers metals in surface ground and mineral waters - Summarizes the strengths, weakness and precautions of different methods and provides a table summarizing the methods with reference citations
As environmental controls are lagging behind industrial development, metals are an increasing hazard to humans, animal and plant life. Bioaccumulation of metals through the food chain creates a serious impact on public health yet analytical techniques for detecting the often low concentrations of contaminants are poorly understood. Determination of Anions in Natural and Treated Waters draws together the scattered literature and presents in a systematic fashion the latest available analytical techniques for detecting anions in non-saline and saline natural and treated water. Broad outlines of different methods and their applicability in certain situations are given allowing the chemist to choose appropriate test methods.
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