The understanding, at the molecular level, of the interactions between innate and adaptive arms of the immune system is currently a hot topic, particularly to those interested in immunology - especially susceptibility to infectious diseases. This book provides a survey of topics, in the area of innate and adaptive immunity, which have been researched within the MRC Immunochemistry Unit, at Oxford University, over a period of forty years. The topics include: " antibody structure - for which the first Director of the Immunochemistry Unit, Professor RR Porter, was awarded a Nobel prize in 1972 " the characterization of membrane proteins on lymphoid cells - leading to the concept of these molecules belonging to an immunoglobulin super family " the proteins of the human serum complement system - one of the body's major defences against microbial infection " the human cell -surface integrins and the hyaluronan- binding proteins, which are involved in regulation of inflammation at cell surfaces and within the extracellular matrix " the family of collectin molecules - containing distinct globular carbohydrate -binding domains linked to collagen-like regions - which play important roles in innate immunity in the lungs and bloodstream by immediate recognition and clearance of microbial pathogens Each chapter in the book gives a brief historical background to a topic and then provides a survey of recent advances in the field and are written by internationally recognised renowned experts. The theme running through the chapters is that of protein structure-function relationships - including, amongst others, descriptions of quaternary structures of large oligomeric proteins, of Factor H and C1q binding to specific ligands, and of the chemistry of the mechanism of catalysis of covalent binding of activated C3 and C4 proteins to nucleophilic groups on microbial surfaces. In several chapters excellent descriptions are given with respect to how the immune system can be recruited to combat microbial infection - via proteins of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. The book also includes notable chapters which are excellent examples of the importance of how the isolation, characterisation, protein engineering and crystallisation has resulted in a full understanding of complex protein-protein interactions involved in the recognition and triggering events of important sections of the immune system: -Structure and Function of the C1 Complex - GÚrard J. Arlaud -Chemical Engineering of Therapeutic Antibodies - George T Stevenson -Leukocyte surface proteins - purification and characterisation - A. Neil Barclay -Cell Surface Integrins - Suet-Mien Tan and S.K. Alex Law This book is aimed primarily at established senior research scientists, postdoctoral research scientists and PhD students who have an interest in proteins of the immune system. However, the wide range of immunity system topics, while staying broadly within innate/adaptive immunity will also appeal to a wider audience.
This book proposes a selection model for explaining cross-national variation in economic voting: Rational voters condition the economic vote on whether incumbents are responsible for economic outcomes, because this is the optimal way to identify and elect competent economic managers under conditions of uncertainty. This model explores how political and economic institutions alter the quality of the signal that the previous economy provides about the competence of candidates. The rational economic voter is also attentive to strategic cues regarding the responsibility of parties for economic outcomes and their electoral competitiveness. Theoretical propositions are derived, linking variation in economic and political institutions to variability in economic voting. The authors demonstrate that there is economic voting, and that it varies significantly across political contexts. The data consist of 165 election studies conducted in 19 different countries over a 20-year time period.
Defining and measuring the economic vote -- Patterns of retrospective economic voting in western democracies -- Estimation, measurement and specification -- Competency signals and rational retrospective economic voting -- What do voters know about economic variation and its sources? -- Political control of the economy -- Responsibility, contention, and the economic vote -- The distribution of responsibility and economic vote -- The pattern of contention and the economic vote.
Immigration policy in the U.S. has been a prominent research topic recently, but thus far congressional policy on the H-1B visa has not been studied in-depth. A non-immigrant visa, H-1B allows foreign workers to be temporarily employed in the U.S. This project examines the congressional politics associated with skilled foreign workers and the H1-B specifically, and with congressional immigration reform more generally. The Politics of Skilled Immigration in the United States explains the failure of both comprehensive immigration reform in the 2000s and the failure of skilled worker immigration-related legislation introduced subsequent to comprehensive reform between 2006 and 2008 by using strategic disagreement game theory. The book also examines the lack of any successful legislation after 2008 to date. As both an immigration attorney and political scientist, Maryam Stevenson brings a unique perspective with which to examine the problems of the current system. She explains why legislation has failed (and continues to fail), the effect comprehensive immigration reform has had on that legislation, and the effect the media has had on the failure of the legislation. Stevenson concludes by providing insight into policy recommendations that have previously been considered by Congress that failed, and discusses policies that Congress should currently be considering. Studies of congressional behavior on immigrant visas are premature without also looking at congressional behavior on nonimmigrant visas as well. This book fills the research gap on nonimmigrant visa policy and will be relevant for both practitioners and scholars of immigration policy.
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