Six Sigma provides a quantitive methodology of continuous (process) improvement and cost reduction, by reducing the amount of variation in process outcomes. The production of a product, be it a tangible product like a car or a more abstract product like a service, consists of a series of processes. All processes consist of a series of steps, events, or activities. Six Sigma measures every step of the process by breaking apart the elements within each process, identifying the critical characteristics, defining and mapping the related processes, understanding the capability of each process, discovering the weak links, and then upgrading the capability of the process. It is only by taking these steps that a business can raise the high-water mark of its performance. IT is now a fundamental part of business and business processes; this book demonstrates how IT can be made to work as an enabler to better business processes, and how the Six Sigma approach can be used to provide a consistent framework for measuring process outcomes. ITIL defines the what of Service Management; Six Sigma defines the how of process improvement; together they are a perfect fit of improving the quality of IT service delivery and support. The Six Sigma approach also provides measures of process outcomes, and prescribes a consistent approach in how to use these metrics. This Pocket guide, provides a coherent view and guidance for using the Six Sigma approach successfully in IT service organisations. It particularly aims to merge ITIL and Six Sigma into a single approach for continuous improvement of IT service organizations.
The design of Management Control Systems (MCS) in the context of financial institutions should be reconsidered with regards to their ability to improve organizational justice perceptions. Promoting organizational justice can help banks to build significantly more trust and influence employees’ behaviors in the best interest of the organization. Especially the design of Beyond Budgeting as a MCS that emphasizes social control mechanisms and facilitates autonomous working appears to be a promising concept for the design of future MCS in the context of financial institutions.
Over the past few decades, carbon nanomaterials, most commonly fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, have gained increasing interest in both science and industry, due to their advantageous properties that make them attractive for many applications in nanotechnology. Another class of the carbon nanomaterials family that has slowly been gaining (re)newed interest is diamond molecules, also called diamondoids, which consist of polycyclic carbon cages that can be superimposed on a cubic diamond lattice. Derivatives of diamondoids are used in pharmaceutics, but due to their promising properties—well-defined structures, high thermal and chemical stability, negative electron affinity, and the possibility to tune their bandgap—diamondoids could also serve as molecular building blocks in future nanodevices. This book is the first of its kind to give an exhaustive overview of the structures, properties, and current and possible future applications of diamondoids. It contains a brief historical account of diamondoids, from the discovery of the first diamondoid member, adamantane, to the isolation of higher diamondoids about a decade ago. It summarizes the different approaches to synthesizing diamondoids. In particular, current research on the conventional organic synthesis and new approaches based on microplasmas generated in high-pressure and supercritical fluids are reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods discussed. The book will serve as a reference for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students in chemistry, physics, materials science, and nanotechnology and researchers in macromolecular science, nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, and medicine, especially those with an interest in nanoparticles.
This book provides a practical guide to the commonly used detection methods for seed-transmitted viruses and viroids affecting both tropical and non-tropical crops. The first part describes important aspects of seed-transmitted viral diseases. The second and main part contains principles of the detection techniques and step-by-step protocols accompanied by method optimization and comments. Most of the described techniques can be equally applied to plant viruses and viroids other than seedborne ones. This book will be of significant interest to those working in seed testing laboratories and students and teachers within plant pathology and seed science.
This book provides keys and descriptions for the identification of all the known species of larvae of Carabidae (ground beetles) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. It is profusely illustrated, and supplements previous volumes on adult Carabidae of the region.
Despite the enormous diversity and complexity of financial instruments, the current taxation of hybrid financial instruments and the remuneration derived therefrom are characterized by a neat division into dividend-generating equity and interest-generating debt as well as by a coexistence of source- and residence-based taxation. This book provides a comparative analysis of the classification of hybrid financial instruments in the national tax rules currently applied by Australia, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands as well as in the relevant tax treaties and EU Directives. Moreover, based on selected hybrid financial instruments, mismatches in these tax classifications, which lead to tax planning opportunities and risks and thus are in conflict with the single tax principle, are identified. To address these issues, the author provides reform options that are in line with the dichotomous debt-equity framework, as he/she suggests the coordination of either tax classifications or tax treatments.
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