Immune escape and inflammation are now recognized as hallmarks of tumor onset and progression. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells that are present in virtually all patients and mice with advanced cancer, are a major contributor to immune escape through their inhibition of innate and adaptive antitumor immunity. Immature myeloid cells with the phenotype of MDSC are present in low levels in healthy individuals; however, chronic inflammation perturbs normal myelopoiesis and mobilizes MDSC, thereby facilitating tumor growth. This chapter reviews the experimental and patient findings that identified MDSC as an immune suppressive cell population mediating tumor immune escape, the phenotypic characteristics and heterogeneity of MDSC from cancer patients and mice, the diversity of mechanisms used by MDSC to facilitate tumor progression and metastasis, the pro-inflammatory mediators that drive the induction and accumulation of MDSC, and therapeutic approaches that have been developed to reduce MDSC levels and/or impair MDSC function.
Now in a single, convenient volume, The Breast: Comprehensive Management of Benign and Malignant Diseases, 5th Edition covers every clinically relevant aspect of the field: cancer, congenital abnormalities, hormones, reconstruction, anatomy and physiology, benign breast disease, and more. Building upon the strengths of previous editions, this updated volume by Drs. Kirby I. Bland, Edward M. Copeland III, V. Suzanne Klimberg, and William J Gradishar, includes the latest innovations in breast cancer detection and treatment in a practical, easy-to-use format ideal for today’s surgeons. Delivers step-by-step clinical guidance highlighted by superb illustrations that depict relevant anatomy and pathology, as well as medical and surgical procedures. Reflects the collaborative nature of diagnosis and treatment among radiologists, pathologists, surgeons, oncologists, and other health care professionals who contribute to the management of patients with breast disease. Offers the most comprehensive, up-to-date information on the diagnosis and management of, and rehabilitation following, surgery for benign and malignant diseases of the breast. Covers the latest developments in receptor modulation, targeted monoclonal antibodies, evolving inhibitors with triple-negative disease, and more. Discusses recent minimally invasive surgical techniques and new developments in oncoplastic breast conservation techniques. Contains significant updates to the "Management of Systemic Disease" section that reflect the latest advances in chemotherapy, hormonal resistance, and therapy.
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