The topic of certitude is much debated today. On one side, commentators such as Charles Krauthammer urge us to achieve "moral clarity." On the other, those like George Will contend that the greatest present threat to civilization is an excess of certitude. To address this uncomfortable debate, Susan Schreiner turns to the intellectuals of early modern Europe, a period when thought was still fluid and had not yet been reified into the form of rationality demanded by the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Schreiner argues that Europe in the sixteenth century was preoccupied with concerns similar to ours; both the desire for certainty -- especially religious certainty -- and warnings against certainty permeated the earlier era. Digging beneath overt theological and philosophical problems, she tackles the underlying fears of the period as she addresses questions of salvation, authority, the rise of skepticism, the outbreak of religious violence, the discernment of spirits, and the ambiguous relationship between appearance and reality. In her examination of the history of theological polemics and debates (as well as other genres), Schreiner sheds light on the repeated evaluation of certainty and the recurring fear of deception. Among the texts she draws on are Montaigne's Essays, the mystical writings of Teresa of Avila, the works of Reformation fathers William of Occam, Luther, Thomas Muntzer, and Thomas More; and the dramas of Shakespeare. The result is not a book about theology, but rather about the way in which the concern with certitude determined the theology, polemics and literature of an age.
Through countless retellings, from the Talmud to Archibald MacLeish and since, the story of Job has been a fixture in the cultural imagination of the West, captivating the human imagination and forcing its readers to wrestle with the most painful realities of human existence. In this study, Susan E. Schreiner analyzes interpretations of the Book of Job by Gregory the Great, Maimonides, Thomas Aquinas, and particularly John Calvin. Reading Calvin's interpretation against the background of his medieval predecessors, she shows how central Job is to Calvin's struggles with some basic theological issues. Calvin and his predecessors put forth a variety of explanations for Job's wisdom, focusing on discussions of suffering, inferiority, enlightenment, union with the Active Intellect, immortality, providence, and faith. The one unifying feature of these precritical Joban commentaries is a concern with intellectual perception - in particular, with what Job saw or understood. What did the friends, who defended God, misperceive? Why did they not see the situation correctly? How does one explain Job's perceptual superiority over his friends? These texts raise basic questions about the human capacity for knowledge: Can suffering, particularly inexplicable suffering, elevate human understandings about God and self? Can humans truly perceive the workings of providence in their personal lives? Are evil and injustice a reality that we must confront before finding wisdom? In her final chapter, Schreiner shows that such concerns are not abandoned in modern critical commentaries and literary transformations of the Joban legend. Her study concludes by tracing the trajectory of these concerns through thewide array of twentieth-century interpretations of Job, including modern biblical commentaries, the work of Carl Jung, and literary transfigurations by Wells, MacLeish, Wiesel, and Kafka. The result is a compelling demonstration of the vital insights the history of exegesis can yield for contemporary culture.
Through countless retellings, from the Talmud to Archibald MacLeish and since, the story of Job has been a fixture in the cultural imagination of the West, captivating the human imagination and forcing its readers to wrestle with the most painful realities of human existence. In this study, Susan E. Schreiner analyzes interpretations of the Book of Job by Gregory the Great, Maimonides, Thomas Aquinas, and particularly John Calvin. Reading Calvin's interpretation against the background of his medieval predecessors, she shows how central Job is to Calvin's struggles with some basic theological issues. Calvin and his predecessors put forth a variety of explanations for Job's wisdom, focusing on discussions of suffering, inferiority, enlightenment, union with the Active Intellect, immortality, providence, and faith. The one unifying feature of these precritical Joban commentaries is a concern with intellectual perception - in particular, with what Job saw or understood. What did the friends, who defended God, misperceive? Why did they not see the situation correctly? How does one explain Job's perceptual superiority over his friends? These texts raise basic questions about the human capacity for knowledge: Can suffering, particularly inexplicable suffering, elevate human understandings about God and self? Can humans truly perceive the workings of providence in their personal lives? Are evil and injustice a reality that we must confront before finding wisdom? In her final chapter, Schreiner shows that such concerns are not abandoned in modern critical commentaries and literary transformations of the Joban legend. Her study concludes by tracing the trajectory of these concerns through thewide array of twentieth-century interpretations of Job, including modern biblical commentaries, the work of Carl Jung, and literary transfigurations by Wells, MacLeish, Wiesel, and Kafka. The result is a compelling demonstration of the vital insights the history of exegesis can yield for contemporary culture.
This study examines the theme of poverty in the fourth-century sermons of Basil of Caesarea, Gregory Nazianzen, and Gregory Nysson. These sermons are especially important for what they tell us about the history of poverty relief and the role of fourth century Christian theology in constructing the body of the redemptive, involuntary poor. Some of the topics explored include the contextualization of the poor in scholarship, the poor in late antiquity, and starvation and famine dynamics. In exploring this relationship between cultural context and theological language, this volume offers a broad and fresh overview of these little-studied texts.
The topic of certitude is much debated today. On one side, commentators such as Charles Krauthammer urge us to achieve "moral clarity." On the other, those like George Will contend that the greatest present threat to civilization is an excess of certitude. To address this uncomfortable debate, Susan Schreiner turns to the intellectuals of early modern Europe, a period when thought was still fluid and had not yet been reified into the form of rationality demanded by the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.Schreiner argues that Europe in the sixteenth century was preoccupied with concerns similar to ours; both the desire for certainty -- especially religious certainty -- and warnings against certainty permeated the earlier era. Digging beneath overt theological and philosophical problems, she tackles the underlying fears of the period as she addresses questions of salvation, authority, the rise of skepticism, the outbreak of religious violence, the discernment of spirits, and the ambiguous relationship between appearance and reality.In her examination of the history of theological polemics and debates (as well as other genres), Schreiner sheds light on the repeated evaluation of certainty and the recurring fear of deception. Among the texts she draws on are Montaigne's Essays, the mystical writings of Teresa of Avila, the works of Reformation fathers William of Occam, Luther, Thomas Muntzer, and Thomas More; and the dramas of Shakespeare. The result is not a book about theology, but rather about the way in which the concern with certitude determined the theology, polemics and literature of an age.
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