There are several medical mycology textbooks that contain a chapter on direct microscopy. However, this textbook is the first of its kind, as it discusses the simple Gram stain procedure as a valuable tool for the detection of fungal elements. This book has been specifically designed for people working in the medical microbiology laboratory with little or no practical experience in medical mycology. The central idea presented in this textbook begins with the Gram stain for the detection of fungi; the most important and more frequently isolated opportunistic and potentially pathogenic fungal species have been included. The book contains more than three hundred color images, the majority of which come from direct smear examination, such as Gram stain and other staining procedures. The mold phase and the microscopic structure of the identified fungal species relating to the initial findings of the direct smear have been linked to avoid bias. When a fungal infection is present but not suspected clinically, the Gram stain may be the only clue to the true cause of the infection. Although there are better methods than the Gram stain for visualization of fungi, these methods are only performed if there is clinical suspicion for fungal disease. Clinicians often send specimens for bacterial culture, but they sometimes overlook requests for fungal culture. During such times, the Gram stain is the only technique available in the clinical microbiology laboratory for direct detection of fungi from these specimens. The presence of fungi should not be overlooked during the direct examination of the clinical specimens for bacteria. This book will guide the reader in the recognition and identification of fungal elements in gram-stained smears, especially when they are distorted and remain unstained and undetectable.This new textbook focuses on the detection and classification of fungal elements in Gram stains. Newly developed flowcharts, clues, and key details regarding structural characteristics have been added to guide the reader in the right direction.Throughout the years, the author has accumulated many scenarios in which fungal elements were not detected on the original Gram stain evaluation but were found to be positive upon review once the culture grew a fungus. Finally, the book contains a chapter with a practice examination including microscopic images representative of scenarios commonly encountered in the clinical microbiology laboratory.
SECTION 1: Airway Management -- Current Controversies 1. Can Sellick Maneuver Prevent Pulmonary Aspiration in the Critically Ill? 2. Etomidate vs. Ketamine -- What Should We Use for Intubation in ICU SECTION 2: Extracorporeal Therapies 3. Plasmapheresis: Current Indications in the Critically Ill 4. Are Super High-Flux Membrane Dialyzers the Future of RRT? 5. What is New in Artificial Liver Support Systems? SECTION 3: Sepsis 6. Back to the Genes: Does Genetic Polymorphism have a Role in Sepsis Management? 7. Controversies in Surviving Sepsis Guidelines 2021 8. Are We Back to Square One? Early Fluids vs. Vasopreressors in Septic Shock 9. Have We Achieved Balance in Fluid Therapy: Balanced Salt Solutions vs. Normal Saline? SECTION 4: Biomarkers 10. Novel Biomarkers During Circulatory Shock 11. Biomarkers in Acute Intoxications 12. Do Biomarkers have a Role in Patients with Primary Brain Injury? 13. Utility of MicroRNAs in the Critically Ill 14. Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Critically Ill: A Simple but Useful Marker? 15. Do Vocal Biomarkers have a Future in Critical Care SECTION 5: COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learnt 16. Awake Prone Positioning in ARDS? 17. Immunomodulators for COVID-19 Therapy 18. Has Critical Care Telemedicine Come of Age During the Pandemic 19. Post-COVID Conditions (PCCs) or Long COVID Syndrome 20. Capacity Building During Large Scale Disasters 21. Clearing the Air: Alternatives to Isolation Rooms SECTION 6: Mechanical Ventilation 22. Revisiting Exogenous Surfactant Therapy in Acute Lung Injury and ARDS 23. Mechanical Power 24. Volumetric Capnography in 2022 25. Metabolic Alkalosis in Critical Care: A Classical and Physicochemical Approach 26. Oxygen Revisited SECTION 7 28. High-flow Nasal Cannula: Beyond a COVID-19 Therapy 29. Cefiderocol 30. Newer Fluoroquinolones: Levonadifloxacin, Delafloxacin and Lascufloxacin 31. Newer Combinations of B-Lactam/B-Lactamase 32. Newer Tetracyclines -- Eravacycline and Omadacycline 33. Plazomicin: A New Aminoglycoside 34. Lefamulin: A Pleuromutilin Antibiotic 35. Pretomanid for Antitubercular Therapy 36. Contezolid Acefosamil: A New Oxazolidinone 37. Solithromycin and Nafithromycin: The New Macrolides 38. Benapenem and Sulopenem 39. The Dsb (Disulfide bond) 40. Antivirulence Strategies: The Future of Antibacterial Therapy 41. Alternatives to Conventional Antibacterials: Use of Nanomaterials 42. Newer Treatment Approach to Clostridioides Difficile - Fidaxomicin and Bezlotoxumab 43. Recent Advances for Immunotherapies Against Infectious Disease SECTION 8: What's New Elsewhere? 44. Risk Scoring Systems in Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed 45. Has Hypotension Prediction Index Come of Age 46. Postintensive Care Syndrome and Postintensive Care Syndrome-Family 47. Closed-Loop Hemodynamic Resuscitation In Shock 48. Is Electrical Impedance Tomography Finally Here to Stay 49. Cardiac Output Measurement: Capnodynamic Method and Auto VTI Tool 50. What's New in Glucose Management Technologies for the Critically-ill 51. Vitamins and Trace Element Supplementation for Critically Ill Patients in 2022 Index
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