Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants's Books

Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants

Volume 2

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants

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Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants

Volume 2

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants

A variety of smokes and obscurants have been developed and are used to screen armed forces from view, signal friendly forces, and mark positions. Obscurants are anthropogenic or naturally occurring particles suspended in the air that block or weaken transmission of particular parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as visible and infrared radiation or microwaves. Fog, mist, and dust are examples of natural obscurants. Smokes are produced by burning or vaporizing some product. Red phosphorus smoke and graphite smoke are examples of anthropogenic obscurants. The U.S. Army seeks to ensure that exposure to smokes and obscurants during training does not have adverse health effects on military personnel or civilians. To protect the health of exposed individuals, the Office of the Army Surgeon General requested that the National Research Council (NRC) review data on the toxicity of smokes and obscurants and recommend exposure guidance levels for military personnel in training and for the general public residing or working near military-training facilities. The NRC assigned this project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT), which convened the Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants. The subcommittee conducted a detailed evaluation of the toxicity of four obscuring smokes: white phosphorus, brass, titanium dioxide, and graphite. The results of the subcommittee's study are presented in this report, which is the second volume in the series. Toxicity data and exposure guidance levels for diesel-fuel, fog-oil, red phosphorus, and hexachloroethane smokes were presented in Volume 1. Seven colored smokes will be reviewed in a subsequent volume.

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131

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309184223

ISBN 13

9780309184229

Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants

By: Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants

By: Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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109

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309063299

ISBN 13

9780309063296

Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants

Volume 3

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants

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Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants

Volume 3

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants

A variety of smokes and obscurants have been developed and used to screen armed forces from view, signal friendly forces, and mark positions. Smokes are produced by burning or vaporizing particular products. Obscurants are anthropogenic or naturally occurring particles suspended in the air. They block or weaken transmission of particular parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as visible and infrared radiation or microwaves. Fog, mist, and dust are examples of natural obscurants. White phosphorus and hexachloroethane smokes are examples of anthropogenic obscurants. The U.S. Army seeks to reduce the likelihood that exposure to smokes and obscurants during training would have adverse health effects on military personnel or civilians. To protect the health of exposed individuals, the Office of the Army Surgeon General requested that the National Research Council (NRC) independently review data on the toxicity of smokes and obscurants and recommend exposure guidance levels for military personnel in training and for the general public residing or working near military-training facilities.

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107

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ISBN 10

0309065992

ISBN 13

9780309065993

Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants

Volume 3

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants

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Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants

Volume 3

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants

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107

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ISBN 10

0309184290

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9780309184298

Review of the Army's Technical Guides on Assessing and Managing Chemical Hazards to Deployed Personnel

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on the Toxicological Risks to Deployed Military Personnel

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Review of the Army's Technical Guides on Assessing and Managing Chemical Hazards to Deployed Personnel

To guide mission planning, military decision makers need information on the health risks of potential exposures to individual soldiers and their potential impact on mission operations. To help with the assessment of chemical hazards, the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine developed three technical guides for characterizing chemicals in terms of their risks to the mission and to the health of the force. The report reviews these guides for their scientific validity and conformance with current risk-assessment practices. The report finds that the military exposure guidelines are appropriate (with some modification) for providing force health protection, but that for assessing mission risk, a new set of exposure guidelines is needed that predict concentrations at which health effects would degrade the performance of enough soldiers to hinder mission accomplishment.

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215

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309092213

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9780309092210

Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests

By: Subcommittee on Zinc Cadmium Sulfide,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests

By: Subcommittee on Zinc Cadmium Sulfide,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

During the 1950s and 1960s, the U.S. Army conducted atmospheric dispersion tests in many American cities using fluorescent particles of zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) to develop and verify meteorological models to estimate the dispersal of aerosols. Upon learning of the tests, many citizens and some public health officials in the affected cities raised concerns about the health consequences of the tests. This book assesses the public health effects of the Army's tests, including the toxicity of ZnCdS, the toxicity of surrogate cadmium compounds, the environmental fate of ZnCdS, the extent of public exposures from the dispersion tests, and the risks of such exposures.

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387

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ISBN 10

0309590558

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9780309590556

Review of the U.S. Navy Environmental Health Center's Health-Hazard Assessment Process

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Toxicological Hazard and Risk Assessment

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Review of the U.S. Navy Environmental Health Center's Health-Hazard Assessment Process

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Toxicological Hazard and Risk Assessment

A large number of chemicals are used on land at shore facilities, in the air in combat and reconnaissance aircraft, on seas around the world in surface vessels, and in submarine vessels by the navy and marine corps. Although the chemicals used are for the large part harmless, there is a significant amount of chemicals in use that can be health hazards during specific exposure circumstances. The Navy Environmental Health Center (NEHC) is primarily tasked with assessing these hazards. The NEHC completes its tasks by reviewing toxicological and related data and preparing health-hazard assessments (HHAs) for the different chemicals. Since the NEHC is continually asked to develop these HHAs, the National Research Council (NRC) was asked to assess independently the validity and effectiveness of NEHC's HHA process, in order to determine whether the process as implemented provides the Navy with the best, comprehensive, and defensible evaluations of health hazards and to identify any elements that might require improvement. The task was assigned to the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology's Committee on Toxicology's (COT's) Subcommittee on Toxicological hazard and Risk Assessment. Review of the U.S. Navy Environmental Health Center's Health-Hazard Assessment Process presents the subcommittee's report. The report is the work of expertise in general toxicology, inhalation toxicology, epidemiology, neurotoxicology, immunotoxicology, reproductive and developmental toxicology, pharmacology, medicine, risk assessment, and biostatistics. It is based on its review of documents provided by NEHC, presentations by NEHC personnel, and site visits to NEHC in Norfolk, Virginia and an aircraft carrier in San Diego, California.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030907147X

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9780309071475

Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Subcommittee on Rocket-Emission Toxicants

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Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Subcommittee on Rocket-Emission Toxicants

The U.S. Air Force is developing a model to assist commanders in determining when it is safe to launch rocket vehicles. The model estimates the possible number and types of adverse health effects for people who might be exposed to the ground cloud created by rocket exhaust during a normal launch or during an aborted launch that results in a rocket being destroyed near the ground. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emmission Toxicants evaluates the model and the data used for three rocket emission toxicants: hydrogen chloride, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid.

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226

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309173841

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9780309173841

Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants

Volume 1

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants

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Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants

Volume 1

U.S. Navy personnel who work on submarines are in an enclosed and isolated environment for days or weeks at a time when at sea. Unlike a typical work environment, they are potentially exposed to air contaminants 24 hours a day. To protect workers from potential adverse health effects due to those conditions, the U.S. Navy has established exposure guidance levels for a number of contaminants. The Navy asked a subcommittee of the National Research Council (NRC) to review, and develop when necessary, exposure guidance levels for 10 contaminants. Overall, the subcommittee found the values proposed by the Navy to be suitable for protecting human health. For a few chemicals, the committee proposed levels that were lower than those proposed by the Navy. In conducting its evaluation, the subcommittee found that there is little exposure data available on the submarine environment and echoed a previous recommendation from an earlier NRC report to conduct monitoring that would provide a complete analysis of submarine air and data on exposure of personnel to contaminants.

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316

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ISBN 10

030917886X

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9780309178860

Toxicologic Assessment of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8

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Toxicologic Assessment of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8

This report provides a critical review of toxicologic, epidemiologic, and other relevant data on jet-propulsion fuel 8, a type of fuel in wide use by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), and an evaluation of the scientific basis of DOD's interim permissible exposure level of 350 mg/m3

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229

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ISBN 10

0309168708

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9780309168700

Submarine Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Hydrofluorocarbons

HFC-236fa, HFC-23,and HFC-404a

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Hydrofluorocarbons

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Submarine Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Hydrofluorocarbons

HFC-236fa, HFC-23,and HFC-404a

As part of the effort to phase out the use of stratospheric ozone-depleting substances, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), the U.S. Navy is considering hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) as replacements for the CFC refrigerants used aboard its submarines. Before using the HFCs, the Navy plans to set emergency exposure guidance levels (EEGLs) and continuous exposure guidance levels (CEGLs) to protect submariners from health effects that could occur as a result of accidental releases or slow leaks. In this report, the Subcommittee on Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Hydrofluorocarbons of the National Research Council's (NRC 's) Committee on Toxicology independently reviews the scientific validity of the Navy's proposed 1-hr and 24-hr EEGLs and 90-day CEGLs for two of the candidate refrigerants-HFC-236fa and HFC-404a. In addition, the subcommittee reviews the the EEGLs and CEGL for HFC-23, one of the combustion products of HFC-236fa. This NRC report is intended to aid the Navy in using HFCs safely.

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ISBN 10

0309183863

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9780309183864

Iodotrifluoromethane

Toxicity Review

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Iodotrifluoromethane

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Iodotrifluoromethane

Toxicity Review

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Iodotrifluoromethane

The U.S. military is considering using a compound called iodotrifluoromethane (CF3I) for fire suppression to replace previously-used compounds (halons) that are being phased out because they deplete the ozone layer. This report reviews available toxicological data on CF3I and evaluates the scientific basis of the U.S. Army's proposed exposure limit of 2,000 parts per million (ppm). The report recommends that CF3I be used for fire suppression in normally unoccupied spaces because of its potential to cause cardiac sensitization in test animals. The report also recommends that further genotoxicity testing be conducted (testing for changes in genetic material), and that CF3I be assessed for its potential to cause cancer. Should the Army decide to use CF3I, information should be collected and evaluated on how much of the chemical or any of its degradation products might be released and how often.

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112

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309093074

ISBN 13

9780309093071

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals

Volume 4

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels

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Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals

Volume 4

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels

The Bhopal Disaster of 1984 resulted in the death of around 2,000 residents living near chemical plants and irreversible injuries to more than 20,000 other residents. These numbers can be attributed to the community's lack of awareness concerning the chemicals' existence, dangers and effects, and/or how to react in case of emergency. The disaster emphasized the need for governments to identify hazardous substances and to aid local communities in developing plans for emergency exposures. As a result, the United States government issued the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986; requiring the identification of extremely hazardous substances (EHSs) by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). EPA was also tasked with assisting Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs) in conducting health-hazard assessments to develop emergency-response plans for sites where EHSs are produced, stored, transported, or used. The EPA identified nearly 400 EHSs in terms of their immediate danger to life and health (IDLH) as their first step in assisting these LEPCs. In 1991 the EPA went on to request that the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Toxicology (COT) develop criteria and methods for developing emergency exposure levels for EHSs for the general population. The COT, who had published many reports on emergency exposure guidance levels at the time, designated the task to a subcommittee. The subcommittee focused on Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances. Four years later the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances (NAC) was created with a focus on identifying, reviewing, and interpreting relevant toxicologic and other scientific data and developing acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for high-priority, acutely toxic chemicals. In Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals:Volume 4, the NAC outlines acute exposure guideline levels for chlorine, hydrogen chloride, toluene 2,4, hydrogen fluoride, 2,6-diisocyanate, and uranium hexafluoride.

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309

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309091470

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9780309091473

Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Volume 1

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

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Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Volume 1

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

To protect space crews from contaminants in potable and hygiene water, NASA requested that the National Research Council (NRC) provide guidance on how to develop water exposure guidelines and subsequently review NASA's development of exposure guidelines for specific chemicals.

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372

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ISBN 10

0309091667

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9780309091664

Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels

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Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels

Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals contains a detailed and comprehensive methodology for developing acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for toxic substances from inhalation exposures. The book provides guidance on what documents and databases to use, toxicity endpoints that need to be evaluated, dosimetry corrections from animal to human exposures, selection of appropriate uncertainty factors to address the variability between animals and humans and within the human population, selection of modifying factors to address data deficiencies, time scaling, and quantitative cancer risk assessment. It also contains an example of a summary of a technical support document and an example of AEGL derivation. This book will be useful to persons in the derivation of levels from other exposure routesâ€"both oral and dermalâ€"as well as risk assessors in the government, academe, and private industry.

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224

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309170869

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9780309170864

Evaluating Chemical and Other Agent Exposures for Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology

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Evaluating Chemical and Other Agent Exposures for Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology

The United States Navy has been concerned for some time with protecting its military and civilian personnel from reproductive and developmental hazards in the workplace. As part of its efforts to reduce or eliminate exposure of Naval personnel and their families to reproductive and developmental toxicants, the Navy requested that the National Research Council (NRC) recommend an approach that can be used to evaluate chemicals and physical agents for their potential to cause reproductive and developmental toxicity. The NRC assigned this project to the Committee on Toxicology, which convened the Subcommittee on Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, to prepare this report. In this report, the subcommittee recommends an approach for evaluating agents for potential reproductive and developmental toxicity and demonstrates how that approach can be used by the Navy. This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: James Chen (National Center for Toxicological Research), George Daston (Procter and Gamble Company), Jerry Heindel (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences), Grace Lemasters (University of Cincinnati), and John Young (National Center for Toxicological Research).

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261

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309073162

ISBN 13

9780309073165

Re-evaluation of Drinking-Water Guidelines for Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on the Toxicity of Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate

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Re-evaluation of Drinking-Water Guidelines for Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on the Toxicity of Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate

Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate (DIMP) is a groundwater contaminant at the U.S. Army's Rocky Mountain Arsenal in Colorado. DIMP is a by-product created from the manufacture and detoxification of the nerve agent GB which the arsenal produced from 1953 to 1957. For awhile the Army and the State of Colorado disagreed upon the appropriate drinking-water contaminant guideline for DIMP. A drinking-water guideline of 600 micrograms per liter was established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1989 but the State of Colorado promulgated a lower guideline of 8 micrograms per liter. The significant difference between the two suggested values arose from the fact that both sides used different studies to determine their values. Colorado used one-generation reproductive toxicity study in mink, whereas EPA used a subchronic toxicity study in dogs. To resolve the disagreement, a two-generation reproductive study in mink was conducted. The Army asked the National Research Council (NRC) to independently evaluate the 1997 study and re-evaluate the drinking-water guideline for DIMP. This task was assigned to the Committee on Toxicology, which established the Subcommittee on the Toxicity of Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate, a multidisciplinary group of experts. The subcommittee evaluated the two-generation reproductive study as well as other studies relevant to the task. Data on the use of mink as a predictive model in toxicology were also reviewed. Re-Evaluation of Drinking-Water Guidelines for Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate is the subcommittee's report which shows that neither party was corrected in their DIMP guidelines. The report includes the subcommittee's evaluation and recommendations concerning the topic.

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ISBN 10

0309072557

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9780309072557

Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

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Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) maintains an active interest in the environmental conditions associated with living and working in spacecraft and identifying hazards that might adversely affect the health and well-being of crew members. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the spacecraft environment, some water and air contamination appears to be inevitable. Several hundred chemical species are likely to be found in the closed environment of the spacecraft, and as the frequency, complexity, and duration of human space flight increase, identifying and understanding significant health hazards will become more complicated and more critical for the success of the missions. NASA asked the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Toxicology to develop guidelines, similar to those developed by the NRC in 1992 for airborne substances, for examining the likelihood of adverse effects from water contaminants on the health and performance of spacecraft crews. In this report, the Subcommittee on Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines (SWEGs) examines what is known about water contaminants in spacecraft, the adequacy of current risk assessment methods, and the toxicologic issues of greatest concern.

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173

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ISBN 10

0309171741

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9780309171748

Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals

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Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals

Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50 million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is generally not treated with FR chemicals. It is estimated that less than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame ignition risks. In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report. Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and biostatistics. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters.

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534

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ISBN 10

0309171938

ISBN 13

9780309171939

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