The Royal Road of the Tejas Indians, El Camino Real de los Tejas, was born hundreds of years ago when the Native Americans followed routes used by buffalo and other animals, realizing that these early creatures knew the best paths to take. Also known as Kings Highway, it later became a major thoroughfare used by travelers from the East coming to Louisiana, Texas, and Mexico. In 2004, El Camino Real de los Tejas took on new meaning when the historical road was designated as the 19th National Historic Trail in the United States. Development is guided by El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail Association housed in Austin, Texas.
The Royal Road of the Tejas Indians, El Camino Real de los Tejas, was born hundreds of years ago when the Native Americans followed routes used by buffalo and other animals, realizing that these early creatures knew the best paths to take. Also known as Kings Highway, it later became a major thoroughfare used by travelers from the East coming to Louisiana, Texas, and Mexico. In 2004, El Camino Real de los Tejas took on new meaning when the historical road was designated as the 19th National Historic Trail in the United States. Development is guided by El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail Association housed in Austin, Texas.
Solutions to problems in the field of digital image processing generally require extensive experimental work involving software simulation and testing with large sets of sample images. Although algorithm development typically is based on theoretical underpinnings, the actual implementation of these algorithms almost always requires parameter estimation and, frequently, algorithm revision and comparison of candidate solutions. Thus, selection of a flexible, comprehensive, and well-documented software development environment is a key factor that has important implications in the cost, development time, and portability of image processing solutions. In spite of its importance, surprisingly little has been written on this aspect of the field in the form of textbook material dealing with both theoretical principles and software implementation of digital image processing concepts. This book was written for just this purpose. Its main objective is to provide a foundation for implementing image processing algorithms using modern software tools. A complementary objective was to prepare a book that is self-contained and easily readable by individuals with a basic background in digital image processing, mathematical analysis, and computer programming, all at a level typical of that found in a junior/senior curriculum in a technical discipline. Rudimentary knowledge of MATLAB also is desirable. To achieve these objectives, we felt that two key ingredients were needed. The first was to select image processing material that is representative of material covered in a formal course of instruction in this field. The second was to select software tools that are well supported and documented, and which have a wide range of applications in the "real" world. To meet the first objective, most of the theoretical concepts in the following chapters were selected fromDigital Image Processingby Gonzalez and Woods, which has been the choice introductory textbook used by educators all over the world for over two decades. The software tools selected are from the MATLAB Image Processing Toolbox (IPT), which similarly occupies a position of eminence in both education and industrial applications. A basic strategy followed in the preparation of the book was to provide a seamless integration of well-established theoretical concepts and their implementation using state-of-the-art software tools. The book is organized along the same lines asDigital Image Processing.In this way, the reader has easy access to a more detailed treatment of all the image processing concepts discussed here, as well as an up-to-date set of references for further reading. Following this approach made it possible to present theoretical material in a succinct manner and thus we were able to maintain a focus on the software implementation aspects of image processing problem solutions. Because it works in the MATLAB computing environment, the Image Processing Toolbox offers some significant advantages, not only f in the breadth of its computational tools, but also because it is supported under most operating systems in use today. A unique feature of this book is its emphasis on showing how to develop new code to enhance existing MATLAB and IPT functionality This is an important feature in an area such as image processing, which, as noted earlier, is characterized by the need for extensive algorithm development and experimental work. After an introduction to the fundamentals of MATLAB functions and programming, the book proceeds to address the mainstream areas of image processing. The major areas covered include intensity transformations, linear and nonlinear spatial filtering, filtering in the frequency domain, image restoration and registration, color image processing, wavelets, image data compression, morphological image processing, image segmentation, region and boundary representation and description, and object recognition. This material is complemented by numerous illustrations of how to solve image processing problems using MATLAB and IPT functions. In cases where a function did not exist, a new function was written and documented as part of the instructional focus of the book. Over 60 new functions are included in the following chapters. These functions increase the scope of IPT by approximately 35 percent and also serve the important purpose of further illustrating how to implement new image processing software solutions. The material is presented in textbook format, not as a software manual. Although the book is self-contained, we have established a companion Web site (see Section 1.5) designed to provide support in a number of areas. For students following a formal course of study or individuals embarked on a program of self study, the site contains tutorials and reviews on background material, as well as projects and image databases, including all images in the book. For instructors, the site contains classroom presentation materials that include PowerPoint slides of all the images and graphics used in the book. Individuals already familiar with image processing and IPT fundamentals will find the site a useful place for up-to-date references, new implementation techniques, and a host of other support material not easily found elsewhere. All purchasers of the book are eligible to download executable files of all the new functions developed in the text. As is true of most writing efforts of this nature, progress continues after work on the manuscript stops. For this reason, we devoted significant effort to the selection of material that we believe is fundamental, and whose value is likely to remain applicable in a rapidly evolving body of knowledge. We trust that readers of the book will benefit from this effort and thus find the material timely and useful in their work.
TIMSS assesses achievement in countries around the world and collects a rich array of information about the educational contexts for learning in mathematics and science, with TIMSS 2003 involving more than 50 participants. This report contains the mathematics results for 46 countries and four benchmarking participants at the eighth grade and for 25 countries and three benchmarking participants at the fourth grade. Trend data are provided at the eighth and fourth grades for those countries that also participated in 1995 and 1999. [Executive summary, ed].
A unique new reference work, this encyclopedia presents a social, cultural, and economic history of American sports from hunting, bowling, and skating in the sixteenth century to televised professional sports and the X Games today. Nearly 400 articles examine historical and cultural aspects of leagues, teams, institutions, major competitions, the media and other related industries, as well as legal and social issues, economic factors, ethnic and racial participation, and the growth of institutions and venues. Also included are biographical entries on notable individuals—not just outstanding athletes, but owners and promoters, journalists and broadcasters, and innovators of other kinds—along with in-depth entries on the history of major and minor sports from air racing and archery to wrestling and yachting. A detailed chronology, master bibliography, and directory of institutions, organizations, and governing bodies—plus more than 100 vintage and contemporary photographs—round out the coverage.
What were the catalysts that motivated Mexican American youth to enlist or readily accept their draft notices in World War II, Korea, or Vietnam? In Soldados Razos at War, historian and veteran Steven Rosales chronicles the experiences of Chicano servicemen who fought for the United States, explaining why these men served, how they served, and the impact of their service on their identity and political consciousness. As a social space imbued with its own martial and masculine ethos, the U.S. military offers an ideal way to study the aspirations and behaviors that carried over into the civilian lives of these young men. A tradition of martial citizenship forms the core of the book. Using rich oral histories and archival research, Rosales investigates the military’s transformative potential with a particular focus on socioeconomic mobility, masculinity, and postwar political activism across three generations. The national collective effort characteristic of World War II and Korea differed sharply from the highly divisive nature of American involvement in Vietnam. Thus, for Mexican Americans, military service produced a wide range of ideological reactions, with the ideals of each often in opposition to the others. Yet a critical thread connecting these diverse outcomes was a redefined sense of self and a willingness to engage in individual and collective action to secure first-class citizenship.
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