From a November 1999 symposium in Kansas City, Missouri, 12 papers explore aspects of biological implants that are absorbed by the body over time from the perspective of materials science. Their topics include the mechanical evaluation of 70:30 poly bone screws after in-vitro degradation, novel biod
The story of an isolated Alaskan town that is plunged into darkness for a month each year when the sun sinks below the horizon. As the last rays of light fade, the town is attacked by a bloodthirsty gang of vampires bent on an uninterrupted orgy of destruction. Only the small town's husband-and-wife Sheriff team stand between the survivors and certain destruction.
High definition video requires substantial compression in order to be transmitted or stored economically. Advances in video coding standards from MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4 to H.264/AVC have provided ever increasing coding efficiency, at the expense of great computational complexity which can only be delivered through massively parallel processing. This book will present VLSI architectural design and chip implementation for high definition H.264/AVC video encoding, using a state-of-the-art video application, with complete VLSI prototype, via FPGA/ASIC. It will serve as an invaluable reference for anyone interested in VLSI design and high-level (EDA) synthesis for video.
After many decades, the scaling of silicon dioxide based field-effect transistors has reached insurmountable physical limits due unintentional high gate leakage currents for gate oxide thicknesses below 2 nm. The introduction of high-k metal gate stacks guaranteed the trend towards smaller transistor dimensions. The implementation of HfO2, as high-k dielectric, also lead to a substantial number of manufacturing and reliability challenges. The deterioration of the gate oxide properties under thermal and electric stress jeopardizes the circuit operation and hence needs to be comprehensively understood. As a starting point, 6T static random access memory cells were used to identify the different single device operating conditions. The strongest deterioration of the gate stack was found for nMOS devices under positive bias temperature instability (PBTI) stress, resulting in a severe threshold voltage shift and increased gate leakage current. A detailed investigation of physical origin and temperature and voltage dependency was done. The reliability issues were caused by the electron trapping into already existing HfO2 oxygen vacancies. The oxygen vacancies reside in different charge states depending on applied stress voltages. This in return also resulted in a strong threshold voltage and gate current relaxation after stress was cut off. The reliability assessment using constant voltage stress does not reflect realistic circuit operation which can result in a changed degradation behaviour. Therefore, the constant voltage stress measurement were extended by considering CMOS operational constraints, where it was found that the supply voltage frequently switches between the gate and drain terminal. The additional drain (off-state) bias lead to an increased Vt relaxation in comparison to zero bias voltage. The off-state influence strongly depended on the gate length and became significant for short channel devices. The influence of the off-state bias on the dielectric breakdown was studied and compared to the standard assessment methods. Different wear-out mechanisms for drain-only and alternating gate and drain stress were verified. Under drain-only stress, the dielectric breakdown was caused by hot carrier degradation. The lifetime was correlated with the device length and amount of subthreshold leakage. The gate oxide breakdown under alternating gate and o-state stress was caused by the continuous trapping and detrapping behaviour of high-k metal gate devices.
Glaucoma is a group of disorders characterised by an abnormally high intraocular pressure (IOP), which can damage the optic nerve and lead to blindness. Glaucoma occurs in several forms: chronic open-angle (primary), acute angle-closure, congenital (inherited as an autosomal recessive trait), and secondary to other causes. Chronic open-ended glaucoma constitutes about 90% of the instances of glaucoma and is frequently familial in nature. Congenital glaucoma can be triggered by varicella, mumps, parvovirus, HIV and herpes among others. Secondary glaucoma can result from trauma and drugs such as steroids. This new book includes within its scope the prevention, pathogenesis, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. International research efforts are reported.
Four decades ago—aged twenty—the author experienced what he calls a "negative satori," a fundamental and irrefutable realization not of enlightenment, but of himself as a predicament only enlightenment could resolve. This, shaped by the hammer blows of a singular American professor, Richard DeMartino, brought him to Zen, and to Japan. Yet over time, of far greater import than his bungling efforts were the wonderful occupants of the Zen world he encountered: Toyoshima–san, the meditation Prometheus whose superhuman efforts astounded and inspired all while he remained impaled on the cliff's edge; the Thief, chief monastery monk who stole the world from whoever he encountered and whose yawns and the brushing of his teeth shot sparks of Absolute Meaning; Hisamatsu, the great lay Zen Master who at age 16 overheard a doctor tell his mother he'd be dead in six months, only to awaken ten years later and become the most delighted man in Japan; Bunko, the monk kind to others but ferocious with himself, whose daily state of Oneness in meditation left him dissatisfied because despite all exertion he could not crush it to pieces and break beyond it. These are among the sitters for the portraits in Reports From the Zen Wars, Steve Antinoff's attempt to bear witness to what for him has been The Greatest Show on Earth, price of admission one lotus position.
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