Recent advances in next-generation sequencing have enabled high-throughput determination of biological sequences in microbial communities, also known as microbiomes. The large volume of data now presents the challenge of how to extract knowledge—recognize patterns, find similarities, and find relationships—from complex mixtures of nucleic acid sequences currently being examined. In this chapter we review basic concepts as well as state-of-the-art techniques to analyze hundreds of samples which each contain millions of DNA and RNA sequences. We describe the general character of sequence data and describe some of the processing steps that prepare raw sequence data for inference. We then describe the process of extracting features from the data, assigning taxonomic and gene labels to the sequences. Then we review methods for cross-sample comparisons: (1) using similarity measures and ordination techniques to visualize and measure differences between samples and (2) feature selection and classification to select the most relevant features for discriminating between samples. Finally, in conclusion, we outline some open research problems and challenges left for future research.
Innovative and novel, this book extends its coverage of the topic well beyond the conventional themes of project solicitation and proposal evaluation. Using extensive experience gathered over five years of teaching postgraduate courses, Walker and Rowlinson build on Procurement Systems: A Guide to Best Practice in Construction to present a comprehensive and coherent volume that is invaluable to the wider project management community. Cross-disciplinary in approach, coverage includes general historical issues and practical discussions of different types of projects and their procurement needs. It provides and discusses cutting-edge research and thought leadership on issues such as: stakeholder management ethics and corporate governance issues business strategy implications on procurement e-business innovation and organizational learning cultural dimensions human resource development. Helping readers to design project procurement implementation paths that deliver sustainable value, this indispensable volume is key reading for students, lecturers and professionals working in or studying project management.
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