Vehicle-bridge interaction happens all the time on roadway bridges and this interaction performance carries much useful information. On one hand, while vehicles are traditionally viewed as loads for bridges, they can also be deemed as sensors for bridges' structural response. On the other hand, while bridges are traditionally viewed as carriers for vehicle weight, they can also be deemed as scales that can weigh the vehicle loads. Based on these observations, a broad area of studies based on the vehicle-bridge interaction have been conducted in the authors' research group. Understanding the vehicle and bridge interaction can help develop strategies for bridge condition assessment, bridge design, and bridge maintenance, as well as develop insight for new research needs.This book documents fundamental knowledge, new developments, and state-of-the-art applications related to vehicle-bridge interactions. It thus provides useful information for graduate students and researchers and therefore straddles the gap between theoretical research and practical applications.
Vehicle-bridge interaction happens all the time on roadway bridges and this interaction performance carries much useful information. On one hand, while vehicles are traditionally viewed as loads for bridges, they can also be deemed as sensors for bridges' structural response. On the other hand, while bridges are traditionally viewed as carriers for vehicle weight, they can also be deemed as scales that can weigh the vehicle loads. Based on these observations, a broad area of studies based on the vehicle-bridge interaction have been conducted in the authors' research group. Understanding the vehicle and bridge interaction can help develop strategies for bridge condition assessment, bridge design, and bridge maintenance, as well as develop insight for new research needs.This book documents fundamental knowledge, new developments, and state-of-the-art applications related to vehicle-bridge interactions. It thus provides useful information for graduate students and researchers and therefore straddles the gap between theoretical research and practical applications.
Bioactive Polysaccharides offers a comprehensive review of the structures and bioactivities of bioactive polysaccharides isolated from traditional herbs, fungi, and seaweeds. It describes and discusses specific topics based on the authors’ rich experience, including extraction technologies, practical techniques required for purification and fractionation, strategies and skills for elucidating the fine structures, in-vitro and in-vivo protocols, and methodologies for evaluating the specific bioactivities, including immune-modulating activities, anti-cancer activities, anti-oxidant activities, and others. This unique book also discusses partial structure-functionality (bioactivities) relationships based on conformational studies. This comprehensive work can be used as a handbook to explore potential applications in foods, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceutical areas for commercial interests. Serves as a comprehensive review on extraction technologies, and as a practical guide for the purification and fractionation of bioactive polysaccharides Brings step-by-step strategies for elucidating the fine structures and molecular characterizations of bioactive polysaccharides Includes detailed experimental design and methodologies for investigation bioactivities using both in-vitro and in-vivo protocols Clarifies how to extract, purify, and fractionate bioactive polysaccharides, also exploring health benefits Useful as a guide to explore the commercial potentials of bioactive polysaccharides as pharmaceuticals, medicine, and functional foods
It is impossible to view the news at present without hearing talk of crisis. This timely book looks at how three major crises – the economy, pandemic and climate – are related to the crisis of work, making it more precarious, intense and unequal. Providing an original and critical synthesis of recent trends in the field, expert scholars offer a programme for transcending the crisis of work. Offering a timely contribution to understanding the important issues facing the world, this book presents an important new way of thinking about work in contemporary societies.
Vehicle-bridge interaction happens all the time on roadway bridges and this interaction performance carries much useful information. On one hand, while vehicles are traditionally viewed as loads for bridges, they can also be deemed as sensors for bridges'structural response. On the other hand, while bridges are traditionally viewed as carriers for vehicle weight, they can also be deemed as scales that can weigh the vehicle loads. Based on these observations, a broad area of studies based on the vehicle-bridge interaction have been conducted in the authors'research group. Understanding the vehicle and bridge interaction can help develop strategies for bridge condition assessment, bridge design, and bridge maintenance, as well as develop insight for new research needs.This book documents fundamental knowledge, new developments, and state-of-the-art applications related to vehicle-bridge interactions. It thus provides useful information for graduate students and researchers and therefore straddles the gap between theoretical research and practical applications.
Made in Africa: Hominin Explorations and the Australian Skeletal Evidence describes and documents the largest collection of modern human remains in the world from its time period. These Australian fossils, which represent modern humans at the end of their great 20,000 km journey from Africa, may be reburied in the next two years at the request of the Aboriginal community. Part one of the book provides an overview of modern humans, their ancestors, and their journeys, explores the construct of human evolution over the last two and half million years, and defines the background to the first hominins and later modern humans to leave Africa, cross the world and meet other archaic peoples who had also travelled and undergone similar evolutionary pathways. Part two focuses on Australia and the evidence for its earliest people. The Willandra Lakes fossils represent the earliest arrivals and are the largest and most diverse late Pleistocene collection from this part of the world. Although twenty to twenty-five thousand years younger than the oldest archaeological site in Australia, they exemplify the migrating end-point of the human story that reflect a diversity and culture not recorded elsewhere in the world. Part three records the Willandra Lake Collection itself from a photographic and descriptive perspective. Evolutionary biologists and geneticists will find this book to be a valuable documentation of the 20,000 km hominid migration from Africa to the most distant parts of the world, and of the challenges and findings of the Willandra Lake Collection. Provides perspective for dispersal of the earliest hominins from Africa and the possible routes they took Describes both the evolutionary development and demographic exit of intermediate and modern humans from Africa and incorporates the final stages of modern human migrations Provides a full documentation of the Willandra Lakes skeletal collection and its place in developing a picture of the earliest as well as later Aboriginal Australians
Sea urchins and sea cucumbers are highly sought after delicacies growing in popularity globally. The demand for these species is rapidly outpacing natural stocks, and researchers and seafood industry personnel are now looking towards aquaculture as a means of providing a sustainable supply of these organism. Echinoderm Aquaculture is a practical reference on the basic biology and current culture practices for a wide range of geographically diverse echinoderm species. Echinoderm Aquaculture begins by examining the basic ecology and biology of sea urchins and sea cucumbers as well as the breadth of uses of these organisms as a source of food and bioactive compound. Subsequent chapters delineate the specific species of interest invarious geographic regions from around the world. Together, chapters provide a comprehensive coverage of culture practices. Echinoderm Aquaculture is a practical reference for researchers and industry personnel, and will serve as an invaluable resource to this rapidly growing segment of the aquaculture industry.
Using chips composed of thousands of spots, each with the capability of holding DNA molecules corresponding to a given gene, DNA microarray technology has enabled researchers to measure simultaneously gene expression across the genome. As with other large-scale genomics approaches, microarray technologies are broadly applicable across disciplines of life and biomedical sciences, but remain daunting to many researchers. This guide is designed to demystify the technology and inform more biologists about this critically important experimental technique. Cohesive overview of the technology and available platforms, followed by detailed discussion of experimental design and analysis of microarray experiments Up-to-date description of normalization methods and current methods for sample amplification and labeling Deep focus on oligonucleotide design, printing, labeling and hybridization, data acquisition, normalization, and meta-analysis Additional uses of microarray technology such as ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) with hybridization to DNA arrays, microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and cell and tissue arrays
After many decades, the scaling of silicon dioxide based field-effect transistors has reached insurmountable physical limits due unintentional high gate leakage currents for gate oxide thicknesses below 2 nm. The introduction of high-k metal gate stacks guaranteed the trend towards smaller transistor dimensions. The implementation of HfO2, as high-k dielectric, also lead to a substantial number of manufacturing and reliability challenges. The deterioration of the gate oxide properties under thermal and electric stress jeopardizes the circuit operation and hence needs to be comprehensively understood. As a starting point, 6T static random access memory cells were used to identify the different single device operating conditions. The strongest deterioration of the gate stack was found for nMOS devices under positive bias temperature instability (PBTI) stress, resulting in a severe threshold voltage shift and increased gate leakage current. A detailed investigation of physical origin and temperature and voltage dependency was done. The reliability issues were caused by the electron trapping into already existing HfO2 oxygen vacancies. The oxygen vacancies reside in different charge states depending on applied stress voltages. This in return also resulted in a strong threshold voltage and gate current relaxation after stress was cut off. The reliability assessment using constant voltage stress does not reflect realistic circuit operation which can result in a changed degradation behaviour. Therefore, the constant voltage stress measurement were extended by considering CMOS operational constraints, where it was found that the supply voltage frequently switches between the gate and drain terminal. The additional drain (off-state) bias lead to an increased Vt relaxation in comparison to zero bias voltage. The off-state influence strongly depended on the gate length and became significant for short channel devices. The influence of the off-state bias on the dielectric breakdown was studied and compared to the standard assessment methods. Different wear-out mechanisms for drain-only and alternating gate and drain stress were verified. Under drain-only stress, the dielectric breakdown was caused by hot carrier degradation. The lifetime was correlated with the device length and amount of subthreshold leakage. The gate oxide breakdown under alternating gate and o-state stress was caused by the continuous trapping and detrapping behaviour of high-k metal gate devices.
Like it or not, abbreviations and acronyms are now an essential ingredient of everyday life. Since the first edition of The Wordsworth Dictionary of Abbreviations & Acronyms was published in mid-1997, the compilers have been diligently collecting further examples from many walks of life
Coaches, managers and athletes frequently ask about how they can recover as fast as possible from fatigue and improve subsequent performance. Recovery from Strenuous Exercise informs students, athletes and practicing strength and conditioning coaches and performance therapists on how to use the latest scientific evidence to inform their recovery practice – particularly during high training volumes and competitive cycles. This book empowers the athlete, the coach and the therapist by giving them greater confidence, improving their critical thinking, helping them to avoid poor practice and enhancing their understanding of what causes fatigue and how its effects can be minimised. Recovery from Strenuous Exercise covers many of the aspects required to make a highly skilled, confident, knowledgeable personal trainer, sports therapist or strength and conditioning coach. It also acts as a recovery ‘go-to’ guide for competitive recreational athletes who lack the knowledge and guidance on optimal recovery protocols used by their professional peers. This text serves as a learning and research aid for athletes and those studying vocational personal training and sports therapy courses, and those studying other courses where recovery modalities form part of their undergraduate and postgraduate study, such as strength and conditioning, sports science, sports therapy, sports rehabilitation, osteopathy and physiotherapy.
Australian Deserts: Ecology and Landscapes is about the vast sweep of the Outback, a land of expanses making up three-quarters of the continent – the heart of Australia. Steve Morton brings his extensive first-hand knowledge and experience of arid Australia to this book, explaining how Australian deserts work ecologically. This book outlines why unpredictable rainfall and paucity of soil nutrients underpin the nature of desert ecosystems, while also describing how plants and animals came to be desert dwellers through evolutionary time. It shows how plants use uncertain rainfall to provide for persistence of their populations, alongside outlines of the dominant animals of the deserts and explanations of the features that help them succeed in the face of aridity and uncertainty. Richly illustrated with the photographs of Mike Gillam, this fascinating and accessible book will enhance your understanding of the nature of arid Australia.
Written by clinicians, for clinicians, Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery offers a comprehensive, authoritative, and multidisciplinary approach to this rapidly evolving field. Covering every area relevant to the daily practice of cardiovascular medicine, this new and innovative reference text, led by Drs. Debabrata Mukherjee and Richard A. Lange, brings together a stellar team of cardiovascular specialists from leading medical centers worldwide who focus on cutting-edge strategies for the clinical and surgical management of patients. Both medicine and surgery are highlighted in chapters along with follow-up care and changing technology to equip the clinician for optimal patient care. Highly structured and templated chapters cover pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, special considerations/limitations, follow-up care, and on-going and future research.
Negative Emissions Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation provides a comprehensive introduction to the full range of technologies that are being researched, developed and deployed in order to transition from our current energy system, dominated by fossil fuels, to a negative-carbon emissions system. After an introduction to the challenge of climate change, the technical fundamentals of natural and engineered carbon dioxide removal and storage processes and technologies are described. Each NET is then discussed in detail, including the key elements of the technology, enablers and constraints, governance issues, and global potential and cost estimates. This book offers a complete overview of the field, thus enabling the community to gain a full appreciation of NETs without the need to seek out and refer to a multitude of sources. Covers the full spectrum of technologies to underpin the transition to a negative emissions energy system, from technical fundamentals to the current state of deployment and R&D Critically evaluates each technology, highlighting advantages, limitations, and the potential for large scale environmental applications Combines natural science and environmental science perspectives with the practical use of state-of-the-art technologies for sustainability
Toole's Cerebrovascular Disorders was the first modern book devoted to care of the stroke, originally published more than 40 years ago. This is a completely revised and updated sixth edition of the highly respected standard for stroke diagnosis and treatment. Dr James Toole has stayed on as a consultant for the text, and Drs E. Steve Roach, Kerstin Bettermann, and Jose Biller have reworked Dr Toole's book to include chapters on genetics, pregnancy-related stroke, and acute treatments. The practical focus of the book has not changed, retaining its emphasis on bedside diagnosis and treatment. Easily accessible both for stroke specialists and residents, the sixth edition has been modernized to keep pace with the rapid expansion of knowledge in stroke care and includes evidence-based recommendations, the latest technology and imaging, and risk factors. The text is supplemented with more than 200 images, many in color.
Optimization in Solving Elliptic Problems focuses on one of the most interesting and challenging problems of computational mathematics - the optimization of numerical algorithms for solving elliptic problems. It presents detailed discussions of how asymptotically optimal algorithms may be applied to elliptic problems to obtain numerical solutions meeting certain specified requirements. Beginning with an outline of the fundamental principles of numerical methods, this book describes how to construct special modifications of classical finite element methods such that for the arising grid systems, asymptotically optimal iterative methods can be applied. Optimization in Solving Elliptic Problems describes the construction of computational algorithms resulting in the required accuracy of a solution and having a pre-determined computational complexity. Construction of asymptotically optimal algorithms is demonstrated for multi-dimensional elliptic boundary value problems under general conditions. In addition, algorithms are developed for eigenvalue problems and Navier-Stokes problems. The development of these algorithms is based on detailed discussions of topics that include accuracy estimates of projective and difference methods, topologically equivalent grids and triangulations, general theorems on convergence of iterative methods, mixed finite element methods for Stokes-type problems, methods of solving fourth-order problems, and methods for solving classical elasticity problems. Furthermore, the text provides methods for managing basic iterative methods such as domain decomposition and multigrid methods. These methods, clearly developed and explained in the text, may be used to develop algorithms for solving applied elliptic problems. The mathematics necessary to understand the development of such algorithms is provided in the introductory material within the text, and common specifications of algorithms that have been developed for typical problems in mathematical physics are identified. These features of the book make it more widely accessible to those interested in numerical methods and their optimization, including students and researchers in mathematical physics, functional analysis, theory of differential equations, approximation theory of functions, and geometry.
This book highlights hidden unintentional biases, emotional defense mechanisms, and responses in haste. By revealing these preconceived notions present in message choices, Xiaowei Shi and Steve Mortenson demonstrate techniques to help prevent communication from becoming problematic. In a conversational style, the authors extend their interdisciplinary theoretic perspectives by introducing concepts and practices of supportive confrontation and argumentative interaction management. Through examining those automatic responses and reactions in our everyday conversation with friends, coworkers, and loved ones, this book engages the readers to confront their own hidden preferences and underlying beliefs about gender, relationships, and themselves with a new eye. The book moves beyond prior work on rational choice model in strategic communication by considering actual human attributes. Shi and Mortenson offer new insights into communication “noises” and how to engage in communication during a difficult life event or on a difficult subject in a more skillful manner. Scholars of social psychology, interpersonal communication, and communication training and development will find this book of particular interest.
This accessible text provides an insight into the growing global trend of crowdfunding as a source of entrepreneurial finance. Grounded in academic literature, this book looks at the micro and macro issues within crowdfunding, from the entrepreneur’s access to finance at the business level, to the role of government in regulating the market. It helps the reader develop a sound understanding of crowdfunding as a source of finance, the crowdfunding process and potential options when faced with start-up funding issues. A range of international case studies of successful and unsuccessful crowdfunding campaigns help readers to apply theory to real-life scenarios. Readers are also supported throughout the book with chapter objectives and summaries, key terms, discussion questions and further reading guidance. Instructor materials such as slides and test questions are available as digital supplements. Crowdfunding and Entrepreneurship will be a valuable resource for students of new venture creation and entrepreneurial finance, as well as entrepreneurs exploring crowdfunding as an option for business development.
There is no doubt that the study of the muscular dystrophies in recent years has been exciting and rewarding. It has attracted the attention of many investigators of international repute, and this is reflected in the various contributions to this volume. Molecular Mechanisms of Muscular Dystrophies represents a personal collection of chapters cover
The turbulent year of 2011 has brought the appearance of mass popular unrest and the collapse of long lived autocratic regimes in Egypt, Tunisia, Libya and possibly Syria. The sudden and unanticipated fall of these regimes – often thought of as exemplars of authoritarian resilience - has brought much of the conventional wisdom on the durability and vulnerability of nondemocratic regimes into question. This book seeks to advance the existing literature by treating the autocratic state not as a unitary actor characterized by strength or weakness but rather as a structure or terrain that can alternatively inhibit or facilitate the appearance of national level forms of protests. In the mode of the Arab Spring, the color revolutions of the former Soviet Union, and the people power movement of the Philippines, such movements overcome the daunting impediments presented by autocrats, appeal to likeminded counterparts across society, and overwhelm the ability of regimes to maintain order. Conversely, in other settings, such as contemporary China, decentralized state structures provide an inhospitable environment for national-level protest, leading collective actors to opt for more local and parochial forms of contention. This outcome produces paradoxical situations, such as in the PRC, where protests are frequent but national-level mobilization and coordination is absent.
This book is not just limited to the use of ICT in the classroom but looks at the wider role of ICT in supporting effective professional development. It will be an invaluable resource that will benefit all trainee teachers on primary training courses. It will also be a reference for lecturers and mentors supporting trainees on these courses as well as NQTs in the early stages of their teaching career."--Jacket.
High-throughput measurements of gene expression and genetic marker data facilitate systems biologic and systems genetic data analysis strategies. Gene co-expression networks have been used to study a variety of biological systems, bridging the gap from individual genes to biologically or clinically important emergent phenotypes.
This guide brings together, for the first time in single volume, a comprehensive review of all the world's pheasants, partridges, quails, grouse, turkeys, guineafowl, buttonquails, sandgrouse, and the enigmatic Plains-wanderer - over 250 species in all. The group includes some of the world's most familiar and beautiful birds, such as Indian Peafowl and the stunning tragopans, as well as some of the rarest and most threatened. Some survive in fragments of over-exploited habitats, whilst others are now so familiar in domestication that it is difficult to imagine that they had any wild ancestors at all. As with other volumes in the award-winning Helm Identification Guide series, this book concentrates on identification and distribution, but also highlights conversation issues where relevant. Each species is treated in detail, reflecting the extensive knowledge of both authors. The 72 colour plates, by leading bird illustrators, show male, female, juvenile and subspecies plumages, and form the finest set of illustrations of these birds to date. There is also a colour distribution map for each species. Pheasants, Partridges & Grouse is a welcome addition to the Helm Identification Guide series, more importantly, a landmark volume in the literature of this attractive and vulnerable group of birds.
Highly recommended by the Journal of Official Statistics, The American Statistician, and other journals, Applied Survey Data Analysis, Second Edition provides an up-to-date overview of state-of-the-art approaches to the analysis of complex sample survey data. Building on the wealth of material on practical approaches to descriptive analysis and regression modeling from the first edition, this second edition expands the topics covered and presents more step-by-step examples of modern approaches to the analysis of survey data using the newest statistical software. Designed for readers working in a wide array of disciplines who use survey data in their work, this book continues to provide a useful framework for integrating more in-depth studies of the theory and methods of survey data analysis. An example-driven guide to the applied statistical analysis and interpretation of survey data, the second edition contains many new examples and practical exercises based on recent versions of real-world survey data sets. Although the authors continue to use Stata for most examples in the text, they also continue to offer SAS, SPSS, SUDAAN, R, WesVar, IVEware, and Mplus software code for replicating the examples on the book’s updated website.
The real story of global oil over the past twenty-five years is not about the spillover effects of Palestinians fighting Israelis, or terrorist attacks on U.S. forces in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, or Iraq's stormy relationship with Kuwait. It is not even about periodic small- and large-scale U.S. attacks on Iraq. Rather, the real story is about longer-term developments that have changed the international relations of the Middle East, politics at the global level, and world oil markets. These developments have increased oil stability."—from the Introduction Thirty years after OAPEC shattered world markets for oil, the Western world remains profoundly dependent on foreign, particularly Middle Eastern, sources of petroleum. U.S. political rhetoric is suffused with claims about the vulnerability caused by this dependence. Hence, many political analysts assume that a search for stability of petroleum supplies is an important element of contemporary American foreign policy. Steve A. Yetiv argues that common assumptions about oil markets are wrong. Although prices remain volatile, Yetiv's account portrays a world market in petroleum products far more benign and predictable than the one to which we are accustomed. In Crude Awakenings, he identifies and analyzes real and potential threats to the global energy supply, including wars, revolutions, coups, dangerous alliances, oil embargoes, Islamic radicalism, and transnational terrorism. However, he also shows how some of these threats have been mitigated and how global oil security has been reinforced.
Since bioavailability can alter health risk estimates by a factor of 10, 100 or more, its importance in risk assessment cannot be underestimated. Presenting the basic principles that govern bioavailability and how it is measured, this very unique and timely book fills a void in the existing literature on toxicology and toxicokinetics. It contains clear and concise discussions on the behavior of environmental contaminants and how they reach the bloodstream in living organisms. It also presents an exhaustive review of measured bioavailability factors for environmental contaminants most frequently encountered at contaminated sites.
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