Stephen Toulmin's Books

Return to Reason

By: Stephen Edelston Toulmin

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Stephen Toulmin argues that the potential for reason to improve our lives has been hampered by a serious imbalance in our pursuit of knowledge. The centuries-old dominance of rationality has diminished the value of reasonableness. Toulmin issues a powerful call to redress the balance between rationality and reasonableness.

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256

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Harvard University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0674044428

ISBN 13

9780674044425

The Uses of Argument

By: Stephen E. Toulmin

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The Uses of Argument

By: Stephen E. Toulmin

In spite of initial criticisms from logicians and fellow philosophers, The Uses of Argument has been an enduring source of inspiration and discussion to students of argumentation from all kinds of disciplinary background for more than forty years. " Frans van Eemeren, University of Amsterdam

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268

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Cambridge University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0521534836

ISBN 13

9780521534833

The Uses of Argument

By: Stephen E. Toulmin

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The Uses of Argument

By: Stephen E. Toulmin

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268

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Cambridge University Press

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ISBN 10

0521534836

ISBN 13

9780521534833

Cosmopolis

The Hidden Agenda of Modernity

By: Stephen Toulmin,Stephen Edelston Toulmin

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Cosmopolis

The Hidden Agenda of Modernity

By: Stephen Toulmin,Stephen Edelston Toulmin

In the seventeenth century, a vision arose which was to captivate the Western imagination for the next three hundred years: the vision of Cosmopolis, a society as rationally ordered as the Newtonian view of nature. While fueling extraordinary advances in all fields of human endeavor, this vision perpetuated a hidden yet persistent agenda: the delusion that human nature and society could be fitted into precise and manageable rational categories. Stephen Toulmin confronts that agenda—its illusions and its consequences for our present and future world. "By showing how different the last three centuries would have been if Montaigne, rather than Descartes, had been taken as a starting point, Toulmin helps destroy the illusion that the Cartesian quest for certainty is intrinsic to the nature of science or philosophy."—Richard M. Rorty, University of Virginia "[Toulmin] has now tackled perhaps his most ambitious theme of all. . . . His aim is nothing less than to lay before us an account of both the origins and the prospects of our distinctively modern world. By charting the evolution of modernity, he hopes to show us what intellectual posture we ought to adopt as we confront the coming millennium."—Quentin Skinner, New York Review of Books

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244

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University of Chicago Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0226808386

ISBN 13

9780226808383

Cosmopolis

The Hidden Agenda of Modernity

By: Stephen Toulmin,Stephen Edelston Toulmin

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Cosmopolis

The Hidden Agenda of Modernity

By: Stephen Toulmin,Stephen Edelston Toulmin

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244

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University of Chicago Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0226808386

ISBN 13

9780226808383

The Abuse of Casuistry

A History of Moral Reasoning

By: Albert R. Jonsen,Stephen Toulmin

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The Abuse of Casuistry

A History of Moral Reasoning

By: Albert R. Jonsen,Stephen Toulmin

In this engaging study, the authors put casuistry into its historical context, tracing the origin of moral reasoning in antiquity, its peak during the sixteenth and early seventeenth century, and its subsequent fall into disrepute from the mid-seventeenth century.

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438

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Univ of California Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0520060636

ISBN 13

9780520060630

Theories of Human Communication

Tenth Edition

By: Stephen W. Littlejohn,Karen A. Foss

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Theories of Human Communication

Tenth Edition

By: Stephen W. Littlejohn,Karen A. Foss

For almost four decades, Theories of Human Communication has offered readers an engaging and informative guide to the rich array of theories that influence our understanding of communication. The first edition broke new ground with its comprehensive discussion of theorizing by communication scholars. Since that time, the field has expanded tremendously from a small cluster of explanations and relatively unconnected theories to a huge body of work from numerous traditions or communities of scholarship. The tenth edition covers both classic and recent theories created by communication scholars and informed by scholars in other fields. Littlejohn and Foss organize communication theory around two intersecting elementscontexts and theoretical traditionsand emphasize the connections, trajectories, and relationships among the theories. They provide clear, accessible explanations that synthesize without oversimplifying. Their extensive use of examples presents theorizing as a natural process and invites readers to reflect on their own experiences and to become active participants in continuing the conversation. In addition to the authors lucid explanations of theories, the text includes From the Source boxes in which the theorists share their perspectives on communication. The extensive bibliography (almost 1,200 entries) and chapter citations are invaluable resources for more in-depth study.

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500

Publisher

Waveland Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

1478609397

ISBN 13

9781478609391

In-Between God

Theology, Community, and Discipleship

By: Stephen Pickard

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In-Between God

Theology, Community, and Discipleship

By: Stephen Pickard

In-Between God explores three important areas for contemporary Christianity: theology, community and discipleship. Part One inquires into the rhythms of faith as it interacts with themes of uncertainty and doubt, the nature of theological discourse, the task of systematic theology, evangelism and the various ways in which theology is done. Part Two discusses the importance of place in relation to the church, and themes of innovation, undecideability and new forms of monastic community. Part Three addresses themes in discipleship: simplicity, mysticism, the passions and pilgrimage. A red thread connecting these essays is the character of the triune God who is the energy and life in between all things.

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287

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ATF Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

1921817542

ISBN 13

9781921817540

Practical Argument

A Text and Anthology

By: Laurie G. Kirszner,Stephen R. Mandell

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Practical Argument

A Text and Anthology

By: Laurie G. Kirszner,Stephen R. Mandell

From the best-selling authors of the most successful reader in America comes Practical Argument. No one writes for the introductory composition student like Kirszner and Mandell, and Practical Argument simplifies the study of argument. A straightforward, full-color, accessible introduction to argumentative writing, it employs an exercise-driven, thematically focused, step-by-step approach to get to the heart of what students need to understand argument. In clear, concise, no-nonsense language, Practical Argument focuses on basic principles of classical argument and introduces alternative methods of argumentation. Practical Argument forgoes the technical terminology that confuses students and instead explains concepts in understandable, everyday language, illustrating them with examples that are immediately relevant to students’ lives.

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787

Publisher

Macmillan

Published Date

ISBN 10

0312570929

ISBN 13

9780312570927

The Discovery of Time

By: Stephen Edelston Toulmin,Stephen Toulmin,June Goodfield

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The Discovery of Time

By: Stephen Edelston Toulmin,Stephen Toulmin,June Goodfield

A discussion of the historical development of our ideas of time as they relate to nature, human nature and society. . . . The excellence of The Discovery of Time is unquestionable."—Martin Lebowitz, The Kenyon Review

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292

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University of Chicago Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0226808424

ISBN 13

9780226808420

Conscious Mind, Resonant Brain

How Each Brain Makes a Mind

By: Stephen Grossberg

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Conscious Mind, Resonant Brain

How Each Brain Makes a Mind

By: Stephen Grossberg

How does your mind work? How does your brain give rise to your mind? These are questions that all of us have wondered about at some point in our lives, if only because everything that we know is experienced in our minds. They are also very hard questions to answer. After all, how can a mind understand itself? How can you understand something as complex as the tool that is being used to understand it? This book provides an introductory and self-contained description of some of the exciting answers to these questions that modern theories of mind and brain have recently proposed. Stephen Grossberg is broadly acknowledged to be the most important pioneer and current research leader who has, for the past 50 years, modelled how brains give rise to minds, notably how neural circuits in multiple brain regions interact together to generate psychological functions. This research has led to a unified understanding of how, where, and why our brains can consciously see, hear, feel, and know about the world, and effectively plan and act within it. The work embodies revolutionary Principia of Mind that clarify how autonomous adaptive intelligence is achieved. It provides mechanistic explanations of multiple mental disorders, including symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, autism, amnesia, and sleep disorders; biological bases of morality and religion, including why our brains are biased towards the good so that values are not purely relative; perplexing aspects of the human condition, including why many decisions are irrational and self-defeating despite evolution's selection of adaptive behaviors; and solutions to large-scale problems in machine learning, technology, and Artificial Intelligence that provide a blueprint for autonomously intelligent algorithms and robots. Because brains embody a universal developmental code, unifying insights also emerge about shared laws that are found in all living cellular tissues, from the most primitive to the most advanced, notably how the laws governing networks of interacting cells support developmental and learning processes in all species. The fundamental brain design principles of complementarity, uncertainty, and resonance that Grossberg has discovered also reflect laws of the physical world with which our brains ceaselessly interact, and which enable our brains to incrementally learn to understand those laws, thereby enabling humans to understand the world scientifically. Accessibly written, and lavishly illustrated, Conscious Mind/Resonant Brain is the magnum opus of one of the most influential scientists of the past 50 years, and will appeal to a broad readership across the sciences and humanities.

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640

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Oxford University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0190070579

ISBN 13

9780190070571

The Invention of Journalism Ethics, Second Edition

The Path to Objectivity and Beyond

By: Stephen J.A. Ward

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The Invention of Journalism Ethics, Second Edition

The Path to Objectivity and Beyond

By: Stephen J.A. Ward

Does objectivity exist in the news media? In The Invention of Journalism Ethics, Stephen Ward argues that given the current emphasis on interpretation, analysis, and perspective, journalists and the public need a new theory of objectivity. He explores the varied ethical assertions of journalists over the past few centuries, focusing on the changing relationship between journalist and audience. This historical analysis leads to an innovative theory of pragmatic objectivity that enables journalists and the public to recognize and avoid biased and unbalanced reporting. Ward convincingly demonstrates that journalistic objectivity is not a set of absolute standards but the same fallible but reasonable objectivity used for making decisions in other professions and public institutions. Considered a classic in the field since its first publication in 2004, this second edition includes new chapters that bring the book up to speed with journalism ethics in the twenty-first century by focusing on the growing dominance of online journalism and calling for a radical approach to journalism ethics reform. Ward also addresses important developments that have occurred in the last decade, including the emergence of digital journalism ethics and global journalism ethics.

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431

Publisher

McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP

Published Date

ISBN 10

0773598073

ISBN 13

9780773598072

Economy's Tension

The Dialectics of Community and Market

By: Stephen Gudeman

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Economy's Tension

The Dialectics of Community and Market

By: Stephen Gudeman

Why are we obsessed with calculating our selections? The author argues that competitive trade nurtures calculative reason, which provides the ground for most discourses on economy. But market descriptions of economy are incomplete. Drawing on a range of materials from small ethnographic contexts to global financial markets, the author shows that economy is dialectically made up of two value realms, termed mutuality and impersonal trade. One or the other may be dominant; however, market reason usually cascades into and debases the mutuality on which it depends. Using this cross-cultural model, the author explores mystifications of economic life, and explains how capital and derivatives can control an economy. The book offers a different conception of economic welfare, development, and freedom; it presents an approach for dealing with environmental devastation, and explains the growing inequalities of wealth within and between nations.

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196

Publisher

Berghahn Books

Published Date

ISBN 10

0857451316

ISBN 13

9780857451316

Postconventional Moral Thinking

A Neo-kohlbergian Approach

By: James R. Rest,Darcia Narv ez,Stephen J. Thoma,Muriel J. Bebeau

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Postconventional Moral Thinking

A Neo-kohlbergian Approach

By: James R. Rest,Darcia Narv ez,Stephen J. Thoma,Muriel J. Bebeau

This book summarizes the body of work on Rest's Defining Issues Test, culminating in a reformulation of Kohlberg's theory of moral development. For developmentalists, philosophers, and educators.

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242

Publisher

Psychology Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

1135705623

ISBN 13

9781135705626

Tragedy, Tradition, Transformism

The Ethics Of Paul Ramsey

By: D. Stephen Long

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Tragedy, Tradition, Transformism

The Ethics Of Paul Ramsey

By: D. Stephen Long

In this original interpretation and critique of Paul Ramsey’s ethical thought, D. Stephen Long traces the development of one of the mid-twentieth century’s most important and controversial religious social thinkers. Long examines Ramsey’s early liberal idealism as well as later influences on his work, including the just war doctrine, Reinhold Niebu

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287

Publisher

Routledge

Published Date

ISBN 10

1000009440

ISBN 13

9781000009446

A History of Modern Planetary Physics

Transmuted Past

By: Stephen G. Brush

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A History of Modern Planetary Physics

Transmuted Past

By: Stephen G. Brush

Transmuted Past summarizes the attempts to estimate the age of the Earth during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

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150

Publisher

Cambridge University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0521552133

ISBN 13

9780521552134

The Mark of Shame

Stigma of Mental Illness and an Agenda for Change

By: Stephen P. Hinshaw

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The Mark of Shame

Stigma of Mental Illness and an Agenda for Change

By: Stephen P. Hinshaw

In The Mark of Shame, Stephen P. Hinshaw addresses the psychological, social, historical, and evolutionary roots of the stigma of mental illness as well as the long history of such stigmatization.

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350

Publisher

Oxford University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

019973092X

ISBN 13

9780199730926

Managing Knowledge

An Essential Reader

By: Stephen Little,Tim Ray

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Managing Knowledge

An Essential Reader

By: Stephen Little,Tim Ray

Knowledge management is crucial to organizational learning, innovation and success within organizations. The Second Edition of the successful knowledge management reader provides a core source of key theoretical thinkers in the field and presents the most up-to-date leading-edge articles that explore emerging trends. A comprehensive introduction places these readings in context and draws together key strands across the field. The new reader includes new and revised chapters as well as newly authored material, to provide students with a current resource that enables the study of knowledge management from a variety of perspectives. Theoretical work and engaging case studies place knowledge management in the context of an emerging global economy.

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368

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SAGE

Published Date

ISBN 10

1446202453

ISBN 13

9781446202456

Moral Acquaintances and Moral Decisions

Resolving Moral Conflicts in Medical Ethics

By: Stephen S. Hanson

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Moral Acquaintances and Moral Decisions

Resolving Moral Conflicts in Medical Ethics

By: Stephen S. Hanson

The potential of modern medicine in a pluralistic world leads to the potential for moral conflict. The most prevalent bioethical theories often either overestimate or underestimate the amount of shared moral belief that can be used to address those conflicts. This work presents a means for taking seriously the pluralism in the modern world while recognizing the likelihood of moral “acquaintance” between persons with differing views. It criticizes moral theories that overstate the extent of the problem of pluralism as well as those that imply too much agreement between reasonable moral persons, yet it locates a means for the resolution of many moral conflicts in moral acquaintanceship. Drawing from the work of H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr., casuists and principle-based theorists, and Erich Loewy and Kevin W. Wildes’s initial development of the concept of moral acquaintanceship, Moral Acquaintances and Moral Decisions is philosophically indepth work with direct applications for decisionmaking in real medical settings. A work in moral theory as well as a source of real world guidance, clinically oriented bioethics professionals as well as students of bioethical theory should find the theory of moral acquaintanceship provided here important to their work.

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180

Publisher

Springer Science & Business Media

Published Date

ISBN 10

9048125081

ISBN 13

9789048125081

English Industrial Fiction of the Mid-Nineteenth Century

The Voice of the People

By: Stephen Knight

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English Industrial Fiction of the Mid-Nineteenth Century

The Voice of the People

By: Stephen Knight

English Industrial Fiction of the Mid-Nineteenth Century discusses the valuable fiction written in mid-nineteenth-century Britain which represents the situations of the new breed of industrial workers, both the mostly male factory workers who operated in the oppressive mills of the midlands and north and, in other stories, the oppressed seamstresses who worked mostly in London in very poor and low-paid conditions. Beginning with a general introduction to workers’ fiction at the start of the period, this volume charts the rise of an identifiable genre of industrial fiction and the development of a substantial mode of seamstress fiction through the 1840s, including an analysis of novels by Benjamin Disraeli, Charles Kingsley, Elizabeth Gaskell and Charles Dickens, and more briefly Charlotte Bronte, Geraldine Jewsbury and George Eliot. This volume is essential reading for students and scholars of industrial fiction and nineteenth-century Britain, or those with an interest in the relationship between literature, society and politics.

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182

Publisher

Taylor & Francis

Published Date

ISBN 10

1040025889

ISBN 13

9781040025888

Patriots Twice

Former Confederates and the Building of America after the Civil War

By: Stephen M. Hood

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Patriots Twice

Former Confederates and the Building of America after the Civil War

By: Stephen M. Hood

A “timely” look at the roles played by ex-Confederates after the war, in politics, academia, the military, industry, and more (Midwest Book Review). The long and bloody American Civil War claimed the lives of more than 700,000 men. When it ended, former opponents worked to rebuild their reunified nation and move into the future together. Many people will find that surprising—especially in an era witnessing the destruction or removal of Confederate monuments and the desecration of Confederate cemeteries. In this unique and timely book, award-winning author Stephen M. Hood identifies more than three hundred former Confederate soldiers, sailors, and government officials who reintegrated into American society and attained positions of authority and influence in the federal government, the United States military, academia, science, commerce, and industry. Their contributions had a long-lasting and positive influence on the country we have today. For example, ten postwar presidents appointed former Confederates as Supreme Court justices, secretaries of the U.S. Navy, attorneys general, and a secretary of the interior. Dozens of former Southern soldiers were named U.S. ambassadors and consuls, and eight were appointed generals who commanded troops during the Spanish-American War. Former Confederates were elected mayors of such unlikely cities as Los Angeles, Minneapolis, and Santa Fe, and served as governors of multiple non-Confederate states and territories. Ex-Southern soldiers became presidents of professional societies including the American Bar Association and the American Medical Association, to name only a few. Others paved the way in science and engineering by leading the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Chemical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Geological Society of America. One former Confederate co-founded the environmental preservation group Sierra Club, and another was president of the Society for Classical Studies. Former soldiers in gray founded or co-founded many colleges and universities—some exclusively for women and newly freed African-Americans. Other former Rebels served as presidents of prominent institutions, including the University of California, Berkeley, and taught at universities outside the South including Harvard, Yale, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Johns Hopkins, and Amherst College. Several others served on the governing boards of the United States Military Academy at West Point and the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. Every reader of Patriots Twice has benefited from the post-Civil War reconciliation when former combatants put down their swords, picked up their plowshares, and accepted the invaluable contributions of these (and thousands of other) former Confederates. The men who carried the bayonets found common cause and moved on together. This is an important concept everyone should—no, must—embrace to keep America united, strong, and free.

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258

Publisher

Savas Beatie

Published Date

ISBN 10

1611215161

ISBN 13

9781611215168

A Theology of Conversation

By: Stephen Okey

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A Theology of Conversation

By: Stephen Okey

Sometimes described as “a theologian’s theologian,” David Tracy’s scholarship has impacted countless thinkers around the globe. The complexity of his thought, however, has often made engaging his work into a daunting challenge. Combining analysis of the most influential features of Tracy’s theology (theological method, the religious classic, public theology) with a retrieval of his more overlooked interests (Christology, God), Stephen Okey presents the essential themes of Tracy’s career in accessible and insightful prose.

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248

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Liturgical Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0814684424

ISBN 13

9780814684429

American Legal Thought from Premodernism to Postmodernism

An Intellectual Voyage

By: Stephen M. Feldman

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American Legal Thought from Premodernism to Postmodernism

An Intellectual Voyage

By: Stephen M. Feldman

The intellectual development of American legal thought has progressed remarkably quickly form the nation's founding through today. Stephen Feldman traces this development through the lens of broader intellectual movements and in this work applies the concepts of premodernism, modernism, and postmodernism to legal thought, using examples or significant cases from Supreme Court history. Comprehensive and accessible, this single volume provides an overview of the evolution of American legal thought up to the present.

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285

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Oxford University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

019802696X

ISBN 13

9780198026969

Why We Need Religion

By: Stephen T. Asma

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Why We Need Religion

By: Stephen T. Asma

Religion appears to be about God, messiahs, churchgoing, and morality, but that is only the appearance. It is really about lust, rage, grief, love and the other core emotions. Why We Need Religion is about the way religion successfully manages human emotions, for the good of the individual and the group.

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273

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Oxford University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0190469676

ISBN 13

9780190469672

Combining Methods In Educational And Social Research

By: Gorard, Stephen,Taylor, Chris

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Combining Methods In Educational And Social Research

By: Gorard, Stephen,Taylor, Chris

This title provides a guide to mixing or combining methods in educational and social research and covers complex interventions, Bayesian approaches, new political arithmetic, triangulation, life histories and design studies.

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208

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McGraw-Hill Education (UK)

Published Date

ISBN 10

0335213073

ISBN 13

9780335213078

Sovereign Individuals of Capitalism (RLE Social Theory)

By: Bryan S. Turner,Nicholas Abercrombie,Stephen Hill

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Sovereign Individuals of Capitalism (RLE Social Theory)

By: Bryan S. Turner,Nicholas Abercrombie,Stephen Hill

In this sequel to their acclaimed The Dominant Ideology Thesis, the authors develop their analysis of the social and cultural underpinnings of modern capitalism. They confront a central assumption of western culture: namely, that the individual is sovereign, and that capitalism above all other economic forms depends on individualism. These ideas have an unbroken history from Alexis de Tocqueville to Milton Friedman. The paradox of the modern world is that the moral emphasis on the individual is contradicted by the actual organization of economy and society. The authors suggest that individualism and capitalism have no enduring or necessary relationship. Their linkage is entirely accidental and was confined to one particular historical period in the West. Against the background of what they term the Discovery of the Individual, the authors show how individualism gave capitalism a particular shape, and capitalism in turn highlighted the possessive features of the individual. Oriental capitalism and late capitalism in the West bear no particular relationship to individualism; indeed, they flourish best in the absence of individualistic culture. Collectivism increasingly dominates both economic and social life. These issues once informed the sociological enterprise, but have not been systematically addressed in recent times. This book revives the classical tradition of the historical and comparative analysis of culture and economy in capitalist society, in the context of the late twentieth-century world.

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275

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Routledge

Published Date

ISBN 10

1317650727

ISBN 13

9781317650720

Power, the State, and Sovereignty

Essays on International Relations

By: Stephen D. Krasner

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Power, the State, and Sovereignty

Essays on International Relations

By: Stephen D. Krasner

Stephen Krasner has been one of the most influential theorists within international relations and international political economy over the past few decades. Power, the State, and Sovereignty is a collection of his key scholarly works. The book includes both a framing introduction written for this volume, and a concluding essay examining the relationship between academic research and the actual making of foreign policy. Drawing on both his extensive academic work and his experiences during his recent role within the Bush administration (as Director for Policy Planning at the US State department) Krasner has revised and updated all of the essays in the collection to provide a coherent discussion of the importance of power, ideas, and domestic structures in world politics. Progressing through a carefully structured evaluation of US domestic politics and foreign policy, international politics and finally sovereignty, this volume is essential reading for all serious scholars of international politics.

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354

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Routledge

Published Date

ISBN 10

1135974764

ISBN 13

9781135974763

Against Fairness

By: Stephen T. Asma

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Against Fairness

By: Stephen T. Asma

A polymath philosopher shares lighthearted examples of humanity's unspoken instinct toward favoritism to argue against zealous pursuits of fairness.

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219

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University of Chicago Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

022670212X

ISBN 13

9780226702124

First Amendment Studies in Arkansas

The Richard S. Arnold Prize Essays

By: Stephen Smith

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First Amendment Studies in Arkansas

The Richard S. Arnold Prize Essays

By: Stephen Smith

This collection of fourteen essays written by young communication scholars at the University of Arkansas presents unique insights into how First Amendment issues have played out in the state. Rather than exploring the particular legal issues and the constitutional principles enunciated by the courts, First Amendment Studies tells the stories of actual people expressing challenged or unpopular points of view and reveals the ways that constitutional controversies arise from the actions of local officials and individual citizens. Drawing on public documents as well as extensive interviews with participants, these essays demonstrate the dynamics of democratic dissent—on college campuses, in public schools, in churches, on the streets, in the forests and on the farms, and in legislative chambers and courtrooms. Each essay was selected for the Richard S. Arnold Prize in First Amendment Studies, an endowed fund established in 1999 to encourage University of Arkansas graduate students in communication and the liberal arts to explore and examine questions about freedom of speech and freedom of religion.

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332

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University of Arkansas Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

1610755936

ISBN 13

9781610755931

Making 20th Century Science

How Theories Became Knowledge

By: Stephen G. Brush

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Making 20th Century Science

How Theories Became Knowledge

By: Stephen G. Brush

Historically, the scientific method has been said to require proposing a theory, making a prediction of something not already known, testing the prediction, and giving up the theory (or substantially changing it) if it fails the test. A theory that leads to several successful predictions is more likely to be accepted than one that only explains what is already known but not understood. This process is widely treated as the conventional method of achieving scientific progress, and was used throughout the twentieth century as the standard route to discovery and experimentation. But does science really work this way? In Making 20th Century Science, Stephen G. Brush discusses this question, as it relates to the development of science throughout the last century. Answering this question requires both a philosophically and historically scientific approach, and Brush blends the two in order to take a close look at how scientific methodology has developed. Several cases from the history of modern physical and biological science are examined, including Mendeleev's Periodic Law, Kekule's structure for benzene, the light-quantum hypothesis, quantum mechanics, chromosome theory, and natural selection. In general it is found that theories are accepted for a combination of successful predictions and better explanations of old facts. Making 20th Century Science is a large-scale historical look at the implementation of the scientific method, and how scientific theories come to be accepted.

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553

Publisher

Oxford University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0190266945

ISBN 13

9780190266943

Book's by Stephen Toulmin

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