Ironic language is a salient reminder that speakers of all languages do not always mean what they say. While ironic language has captured the attention of theorists and scholars for centuries, it is only since the 1980s that psycholinguistic methods have been employed to investigate how readers and hearers detect, process, and comprehend ironic language. This Element reviews the foundational definitions, theories, and psycholinguistic models of ironic language, covering key questions such as the distinction between literal and ironic meaning, the role of contextual information during irony processing, and the cognitive mechanisms involved. These key questions continue to motivate new studies and methodological innovations, providing ample opportunity for future researchers who wish to continue exploring how ironic language is processed and understood.
This book presents an ethnographic perspective on the intersection of humor, identity, and belonging. Based on recorded interactions between Americans and Japanese, it explores how beliefs and stereotypes surrounding gaijin ‘foreigner’ identities create various types of humor such as mockery, sarcasm, and conversational jokes. Through this analysis, the study also discusses how identity-focused humor impacts participants’ understandings of interculturality and social belonging. In particular, it argues that while "being an outsider" can be marginalizing, humor allows cultural differences to become a basis for developing inclusion and social unity, in part through the recognition of shared norms and values.
Drs. Stephen Divers and Laila Proença have assembled an expert team of authors focused on Endoscopy and Exotic Animals. Articles include: Definitive diagnosis in exotic animal practice: the essential value of endoscopy, Guinea pig cystoscopy and urolith removal, Flexible endoscopy including gastroscopy in ferrets with a section on Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) Tube Placement and Use, Endoscopic rabbit sterilization, Endoscopy of small NH primates, Pulmonoscopy of snakes, and more!
The popular British comic celebrity recounts his visits to all fifty of the United States, where he experienced diverse regional cultures ranging from Hollywood and Silicon Valley to Wall Street and the Deep South.
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