Antiviral drug development has led to significant advances in the control of globally prevalent viral infections by the hepatitis C (HCV) and the human immunodeficiency viruses. Nonetheless, there are current gaps in the armamentarium against global viral infections due to some herpes viruses, the hepatitis B virus, and the deadly filovirus Ebola and arenavirus Tacaribe responsible of outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in emerging countries. Arbidol (ARB) is a cost-effective antiviral with broad-spectrum activity, administered for decades in Russia and China against flu. We showed that ARB inhibits HCV infection, and has potent antiviral activity against the Ebola, Tacaribe, hepatitis B and human herpes-8 viruses. Since these viruses have divergent life cycles, we posit that ARB may exhibit varied modes of action against different viruses. Careful dissection of molecular mechanisms of action of ARB against HCV and the Ebola virus revealed that ARB blocked viral entry. ARB might, therefore, constitute a pharmacological approach against globally prevalent viruses, and an affordable molecule for emerging countries in urgent need for effective antiviral therapies.
In March 2011, people in a coastal Japanese city stood atop a seawall watching the approach of the tsunami that would kill them. They believed—naively—that the huge concrete barrier would save them. Instead they perished, betrayed by the very thing built to protect them. Erratic weather, blistering drought, rising seas, and ecosystem collapse now affect every inch of the globe. Increasingly, we no longer look to stop climate change, choosing instead to adapt to it. Never have so many undertaken such a widespread, hurried attempt to remake the world. Predictably, our hubris has led to unintended—and sometimes disastrous—consequences. Academics call it maladaptation; in simple terms, it’s about solutions that backfire. Over the Seawall tells us the stories behind these unintended consequences and about the fixes that can do more harm than good. From seawalls in coastal Japan, to the reengineered waters in the Ganges River Delta, to the artificial ribbon of water supporting both farms and urban centers in parched Arizona, Stephen Robert Miller traces the histories of engineering marvels that were once deemed too smart and too big to fail. In each he takes us into the land and culture, seeking out locals and experts to better understand how complicated, grandiose schemes led instead to failure, and to find answers to the technologic holes we’ve dug ourselves into. Over the Seawall urges us to take a hard look at the fortifications we build and how they’ve fared in the past. It embraces humanity’s penchant for problem-solving, but argues that if we are to adapt successfully to climate change, we must recognize that working with nature is not surrender but the only way to assure a secure future.
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