Micro-electronics and so integrated circuit design are heavily driven by technology scaling. The main engine of scaling is an increased system performance at reduced manufacturing cost (per system). In most systems digital circuits dominate with respect to die area and functional complexity. Digital building blocks take full - vantage of reduced device geometries in terms of area, power per functionality, and switching speed. On the other hand, analog circuits rely not on the fast transition speed between a few discrete states but fairly on the actual shape of the trans- tor characteristic. Technology scaling continuously degrades these characteristics with respect to analog performance parameters like output resistance or intrinsic gain. Below the 100 nm technology node the design of analog and mixed-signal circuits becomes perceptibly more dif cult. This is particularly true for low supply voltages near to 1V or below. The result is not only an increased design effort but also a growing power consumption. The area shrinks considerably less than p- dicted by the digital scaling factor. Obviously, both effects are contradictory to the original goal of scaling. However, digital circuits become faster, smaller, and less power hungry. The fast switching transitions reduce the susceptibility to noise, e. g. icker noise in the transistors. There are also a few drawbacks like the generation of power supply noise or the lack of power supply rejection.
This book provides an in-depth overview of design and implementation of leakage reduction techniques. The focus is on applicability, technology dependencies, and scalability. The book mainly deals with circuit design but also addresses the interface between circuit and system level design on the one side and between circuit and physical design on the other side.
Micro-electronics and so integrated circuit design are heavily driven by technology scaling. The main engine of scaling is an increased system performance at reduced manufacturing cost (per system). In most systems digital circuits dominate with respect to die area and functional complexity. Digital building blocks take full - vantage of reduced device geometries in terms of area, power per functionality, and switching speed. On the other hand, analog circuits rely not on the fast transition speed between a few discrete states but fairly on the actual shape of the trans- tor characteristic. Technology scaling continuously degrades these characteristics with respect to analog performance parameters like output resistance or intrinsic gain. Below the 100 nm technology node the design of analog and mixed-signal circuits becomes perceptibly more dif cult. This is particularly true for low supply voltages near to 1V or below. The result is not only an increased design effort but also a growing power consumption. The area shrinks considerably less than p- dicted by the digital scaling factor. Obviously, both effects are contradictory to the original goal of scaling. However, digital circuits become faster, smaller, and less power hungry. The fast switching transitions reduce the susceptibility to noise, e. g. icker noise in the transistors. There are also a few drawbacks like the generation of power supply noise or the lack of power supply rejection.
This book provides an in-depth overview of design and implementation of leakage reduction techniques. The focus is on applicability, technology dependencies, and scalability. The book mainly deals with circuit design but also addresses the interface between circuit and system level design on the one side and between circuit and physical design on the other side.
An accessible introduction to the principles of computational and mathematical modeling in psychology and cognitive science This practical and readable work provides students and researchers, who are new to cognitive modeling, with the background and core knowledge they need to interpret published reports, and develop and apply models of their own. The book is structured to help readers understand the logic of individual component techniques and their relationships to each other.
The book is considered a guideline for systemic personnel development in controlling of nationally and internationally active companies on the basis of a targeted development of competencies. In particular, the challenges posed by digitalization and globalization are considered and substantiated with the help of empirical studies. Employees and managers in controlling as well as HR managers in companies gain a deeper understanding of the necessity and the components of systematic personnel development. The goals are the formation of high-performance teams in controlling as well as the identification of personal career paths on the way to top management tasks as CFO. The focus of the personnel development model is on the transfer of the competence-oriented development approach, which, in addition to the traditionally considered technical and methodological competencies, also takes into account social and personal competencies as well as additional digital and intercultural competencies. The book is rounded off by a survey of the current situation, the definition of a target situation to be aimed at, the discussion of suitable further training measures and the monitoring of the level of competency achieved, and illustrates concrete career concepts.
Cardiac CT obtains information about coronary arteries, great arteries and veins, and heart valves. It shows the location and extent of calcified plaque in the coronary arteries and helps detect coronary artery disease at an early stage, which neither traditional imaging techniques nor cardiac testing can do. Over the last decade technologic advances in CT angiography have been made at a rapid rate, and the new applications and refinements of existing technology continue to be made. This issue will help practicing cardiologists to keep up with the latest technology in this important and swiftly moving field.
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