1. 1 Purpose of the Study When the Agreement for the Foundation of the European Economic Community (EC Treaty) was extended and changed by the Single European Act (SEA), ratified by all the Member States of the European Community (EC) in July 1987, research and techno logical development were placed for the first time on an equal footing with other politi cal competences of the EC. In the newly added Articles 130 f - q of the EC Treaty the aims and policy measures are clearly formulated, thus giving the EC a real competence to act. The main aim of European research and technological development policy (RID policy) is (according to Article 130f of the SEA) to strengthen the scientific and technical basis of European industry and the development of its international competitiveness, to support transnational cooperation between industry and science, and to integrate the area of research and technological development into the general concept for the realisation of the internal market of the European Community. The main instruments of European RID policy are the "Community Framework Pro grammes", running for several years, in which the aims, priorities and fmancial dimen sions are defmed for a period of four to five years.
1. 1 Purpose of the Study When the Agreement for the Foundation of the European Economic Community (EC Treaty) was extended and changed by the Single European Act (SEA), ratified by all the Member States of the European Community (EC) in July 1987, research and techno logical development were placed for the first time on an equal footing with other politi cal competences of the EC. In the newly added Articles 130 f - q of the EC Treaty the aims and policy measures are clearly formulated, thus giving the EC a real competence to act. The main aim of European research and technological development policy (RID policy) is (according to Article 130f of the SEA) to strengthen the scientific and technical basis of European industry and the development of its international competitiveness, to support transnational cooperation between industry and science, and to integrate the area of research and technological development into the general concept for the realisation of the internal market of the European Community. The main instruments of European RID policy are the "Community Framework Pro grammes", running for several years, in which the aims, priorities and fmancial dimen sions are defmed for a period of four to five years.
Aust presents the definitive account of the RAF, capturing a highly complex story both accurately and colorfully. Much new information has surfaced since the mass suicide of the Groups' leaders in the 1980s. Some RAF members have come forward to testify in new investigations and formerly classified Stasi documents have been made public since the fall of the Berlin Wall, all contributing to a fuller picture of the RAF and the events surrounding their demise. Aust ranges from the group's creation in 1970 to their breakup in 1998, incorporating all of the new information.
The fall of 2016 saw the release of the widely popular First World War video game Battlefield 1. Upon the game's initial announcement and following its subsequent release, Battlefield 1 became the target of an online racist backlash that targeted the game's inclusion of soldiers of color. Across social media and online communities, players loudly proclaimed the historical inaccuracy of black soldiers in the game and called for changes to be made that correct what they considered to be a mistake that was influenced by a supposed political agenda. Through the introduction of the theoretical framework of the ‘White Mythic Space’, this book seeks to investigate the reasons behind the racist rejection of soldiers of color by Battlefield 1 players in order to answer the question: Why do individuals reject the presence of people of African descent in popular representations of history?
In this new edition of the popular textbook, Nonprofit Organizations: Theory, Management, Policy, Helmut K. Anheier and Stefan Toepler have fully updated, revised, and expanded this comprehensive introduction to a growing field. The text takes on an international and comparative perspective, detailing the background and concepts and examining relevant theories and central issues. Anheier and Toepler cover the full range of nonprofit organizations—service providers, membership organizations, foundations, community groups—in different fields, such as arts and culture, health and social services, and education. Introducing central terms such as philanthropy, charity, social entrepreneurship, social investment, and civil society, they explain how the field relates to public management and administration. This textbook is systematic in its approach to theories, management, and policy. The first edition won the Best Book Award at the American Academy of Management in 2006, and this new edition will continue to match the growing demand for academic teaching. Nonprofit Organizations: Theory, Management, Policy is an ideal resource for students of both undergraduate and postgraduate courses.
Glass in Building" opens up a whole range of fascinating design possibilities for the planning architect. Glass has long served as a translucent room closing element, but its range of possible uses is actually much wider. It not only offers protection against the external world, for example, noise or fire; despite its apparent fragility, it can even take on load-bearing functions in supporting structures. In combination with various different finishing methods, materials, and coatings, it also satisfies exacting structural-physical standards. "Glass in Building" offers a clear, compact, and illustrated overview of the material-appropriate use of this varied and versatile material in building construction and provides information that goes far beyond the basics on designing with glass and producing and using specialized glass products, as well as on the building and planning regulations that must be taken into account when constructing with glass. A selection of exemplary realized projects rounds out the theoretical section. Das Bauen mit Glas eröffnet dem planenden Architekten faszinierende gestalterische Möglichkeiten. Schon lange dient es als lichtdurchlässiger Raumabschluss, ist aber weitaus vielfältiger einsetzbar: Glas bietet nicht nur Schutz vor der Aussenwelt, etwa gegen Lärm oder Feuer, sondern kann trotz seiner vermeintlichen Zerbrechlichkeit sogar lastabtragende Funktionen innerhalb eines Tragwerks übernehmen. In Kombination mit verschiedenen Veredelungsmethoden, Materialien und Beschichtungen erfüllt es auch hohe bauphysikalische Anforderungen. „Detail Practice: Konstruktiver Glasbau" liefert einen kompakten, anschaulichen Überblick über den materialgerechten Einsatz dieses facettenreichen Baustoffs in der Baukonstruktion und vermittelt weit über die Grundlagen hinausreichende Informationen zum Entwerfen mit Glas, zur Herstellung und Anwendung spezieller Glasprodukte sowie zu den baurechtlichen Regelungen, die im Glasbau zu berücksichtigen sind. Eine Auswahl beispielhafter realisierter Projekte rundet den theoretischen Teil ab.
While parentheticals attract constant attention, they very rarely constitute the main subject of monographs. This book provides a comprehensive account of reduced parenthetical clauses (RPCs) in three Romance languages. Typical French RPCs are je crois, disons, je dirais, je pense, je sais pas, and je trouve. The research draws on 22 corpora of spoken French, Italian, and Spanish comprising a total amount of 3,975,500 words. Its results consist in a typology of the relevant expressions in the three languages, in the understanding of their pragmatic function and of the factors influencing their use, and in the description of their syntactic and prosodic properties. Other findings are that RPCs are not restricted to statements but also occur in questions and that belief verbs are not as frequent as commonly assumed. Although the book is about Romance parentheticals, its conclusions are relevant for other languages.
Elite tennis players like Rodger Federer or Rafael Nadal not only perceive everything that is happening around them, but they also foresee the next game situations. This "mental speed" lays the foundation to build master performances in extremely complex situations. The Mental Game: Cognitive Training, Creativity, and Game Intelligence in Tennis provides a theoretical framework in which anticipation, perception, attention, and memory processes play a big role in a tennis player's ability to win on the court. The diagnostic tools and useful examples aid the training of cognitive abilities. With more than 50 on-court practice drills to build game intelligence, every tennis player will strengthen their mental game and win their matches.
This book explores how the books of Amos, Hosea and Isaiah use language of creation. This is done by a religion of history approach of ancient Israel with respect to its belief in YHWH as a Creator, and by an exegetical survey of the relevant texts in the prophets mentioned. It is established that creation language was introduced in Israel long before the Exile and is used in a flexible manner, depending on context and situation. Elaborate attention is given to its use in contexts of judgement. This study is relevant for students of the prophets who are looking for a thorough discussion of many texts and a critical examination of some popular views on creation in the Bible.
Mitigating climate change is one of the most profound challenges facing humankind. In industrialized countries, the residential housing sector produces roughly one-fourth of the greenhouse gas emissions. One solution to reduce these emissions is the availability of building codes that require high levels of energy efficiency. Given the current scientific knowledge, more research is needed to gain a proper systemic understanding of the underlying socio-economic and technical system. Such an understanding is crucial for developing high energy-efficiency standards because this system develops gradually over time and cannot be changed swiftly. This book creates a feedback-rich simulation model for analyzing the effects of different administrative policies on energy demand, the improvement of energy efficiency by means of building codes, and reductions in the greenhouse gas emissions. The dynamic model can contribute substantially to the discourse on energy policies and guide effective administrative interventions. The book will be a valuable resource for officials in the public energy administration, as well as researchers in the areas of innovation, diffusion processes, co-evolution, standardization, and simulation modelling.
Filling the need for a book bridging the effect of matter on X-ray radiation and the interaction of x-rays with plasmas, this monograph provides comprehensive coverage of the topic. As such, it presents and explains such powerful new X-ray sources as X-ray free-electron lasers, as well as short pulse interactions with solids, clusters, molecules, and plasmas, and X-ray matter interactions as a diagnostic tool. Equally useful for researchers and practitioners working in the field.
This textbook describes the basic neuroanatomy of the laboratory mouse. The reader will be guided through the anatomy of the mouse nervous system with the help of abundant microphotographs and schemata. Learning objectives and summaries of key facts at the beginning of each chapter provide the reader with an overview on the most important information. As transgenic mice are one of the most widely used paradigms when it comes to modeling human diseases, a basic understanding of the neuroanatomy of the mouse is of considerable value for all students and researchers in the neurosciences and pharmacy, but also in human and veterinary medicine. Accordingly, the authors have included, whenever possible, comparisons of the murine and the human nervous system. The book is intended as a guide for all those who are about to embark on the structural, histochemical and functional phenotyping of the mouse’s central nervous system. It can serve as a practical handbook for students and early researchers, and as a reference book for neuroscience lectures and laboratories.
This book introduces formal grammar theories that play a role in current linguistic theorizing (Phrase Structure Grammar, Transformational Grammar/Government & Binding, Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, ConstructionGrammar, Tree Adjoining Grammar). The key assumptions are explained and it is shown how the respective theory treats arguments and adjuncts, the active/passive alternation, local reorderings, verb placement, and fronting of constituents over long distances. The analyses are explained with German as the object language. The second part of the book compares these approaches with respect to their predictions regarding language acquisition and psycholinguistic plausibility. The nativism hypothesis, which assumes that humans posses genetically determined innate language-specific knowledge, is critically examined and alternative models of language acquisition are discussed. The second part then addresses controversial issues of current theory building such as the question of flat or binary branching structures being more appropriate, the question whether constructions should be treated on the phrasal or the lexical level, and the question whether abstract, non-visible entities should play a role in syntactic analyses. It is shown that the analyses suggested in the respective frameworks are often translatable into each other. The book closes with a chapter showing how properties common to all languages or to certain classes of languages can be captured.
Dispersion forces acting on both atoms and bodies play a key role in modern nanotechnology. As demonstrated in this book, macroscopic quantum electrodynamics provides a powerful method for understanding and quantifying dispersion forces in a vast range of realistic scenarios. The basic physical concepts and theoretical steps allow for the derivation of outlined general expressions for dispersion forces. As illustrated by a number of examples, these expressions can easily be used to study forces between objects of various shapes and materials, including effects like material absorption, nontrivial magnetic properties and dynamical forces asssociated with excited systems.
This book offers perspectives on how to develop a sustainable global balance of urbanization, land-use intensification, land abandonment, and multifunctional cultural landscapes. The focus is on the latter by describing the large variety of traditional cultural landscapes having evolved through centuries or even millennia by the use of the natural, terrestrial and aquatic resources. Those cultural landscapes encompass pasture, agroforestry, terraced, irrigation, coastal, monastic, and sacred landscapes as well as lake-, river-, and saltscapes. The restoration of low-input land-use systems which often carry a high biodiversity on the species, ecosystem, and landscape level as well as agrobiodiversity and agrodiversity is outlined. The restoration of multifunctional and diverse landscapes, however, is not only an ecological issue but encompasses many socio-economic aspects such as e.g., the revitalization of villages, eco-tourism, healthy food production, infrastructure, and rural-urban partnerships. Global environmental problems, which are related to urbanization and the intensification of the use of land and water resources are comprehensively outlined. Land abandonment which occurs on all continents is qualitatively and quantitatively assessed and the consequences for natural and cultural heritage loss is highlighted. With the presentation of current rural development and landscape conservation strategies on the national as well as international level, the topic reflects the high significance of environmental policy on the global scale. The global implementation of natural and cultural heritage conservation is, for example, given by the UNESCO World Heritage Sites, National Parks, Biosphere Reserves, Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Sites, High Nature Value Farmland, and the Satoyama initiative. However, also the “every-day” landscapes can contribute to biodiversity and strong sustainability. This comprehensive compendium, based on about 4,000 references of scientific studies, literature reviews, project reports, and environmental policy papers is thought for all students, scholars, and stakeholders from multifaceted disciplines, interested in multifunctional cultural landscapes and how traditions and innovation on the landscape level can be merged for a sustainable future on our planet. Case studies from all over the world are presented which can be used in Higher Education or to demonstrate the numerous approaches of sustainable rural development.
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