Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common metabolic disorder associated with high mortality, which is mostly due to its cardiovascular complications. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (CM) is characterized by abnormal ventricular function in the absence of DM-associated risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or coronary artery disease. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of diabetic CM, in which chronic hyperglycemia plays a major role. As this develops, the endogenous antioxidant system becomes suppressed and so cannot counter-balance the increased oxidative stress. The metabolic abnormalities of DM cause mitochondrial superoxide overproduction, which further enhances the production of other reactive species, including nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide and peroxy nitrite, causing aggravation of the myocardial damage. In addition, free-radical-mediated platelet activation in the narrowed arteries culminates in acute myocardial infarction and stroke, indirectly affecting cardiac function. This chapter focuses on various aspects of the oxidative stress induced by reactive species during the pathogenesis of diabetic CM.
Myocarditis, the inflammation of the heart muscle, could be in some cases serious and potentially fatal disease. This book is a comprehensive compilation of studies from leading international experts on various aspects of myocarditis. The first section of the book provides a clinical perspective on the disease. It contains comprehensive reviews of the causes of myocarditis, its classification, diagnosis, and treatment. It also includes reviews of Perimyocarditis; Chagas' chronic myocarditis, and myocarditis in HIV-positive patients. The second section of the book focuses on the pathogenesis of myocarditis, discussing pathways and mechanisms activated during viral infection and host immune response during myocarditis. The third, and final, section discusses new findings in the pathogenesis that may lead to new directions for clinical diagnosis, including use of new biomarkers, and new treatments of myocarditis.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common metabolic disorder associated with high mortality, which is mostly due to its cardiovascular complications. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (CM) is characterized by abnormal ventricular function in the absence of DM-associated risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or coronary artery disease. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of diabetic CM, in which chronic hyperglycemia plays a major role. As this develops, the endogenous antioxidant system becomes suppressed and so cannot counter-balance the increased oxidative stress. The metabolic abnormalities of DM cause mitochondrial superoxide overproduction, which further enhances the production of other reactive species, including nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide and peroxy nitrite, causing aggravation of the myocardial damage. In addition, free-radical-mediated platelet activation in the narrowed arteries culminates in acute myocardial infarction and stroke, indirectly affecting cardiac function. This chapter focuses on various aspects of the oxidative stress induced by reactive species during the pathogenesis of diabetic CM.
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