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Escherichia coli

Chapter 5. Enterohemorrhagic and other Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli

By: Sivapriya Kailasan Vanaja,Dakshina M. Jandhyala,Emily M. Mallick,John M. Leong,Sowmya Balasubramanian

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Escherichia coli

Chapter 5. Enterohemorrhagic and other Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli

By: Sivapriya Kailasan Vanaja,Dakshina M. Jandhyala,Emily M. Mallick,John M. Leong,Sowmya Balasubramanian

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) can cause food-borne disease outbreaks associated with contaminated beef or fresh produce, resulting in diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and/or hemolytic uremic syndrome: the triad of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal failure. Intestinally colonized cattle are a major source of human infection. Upon colonic infection, EHEC utilizes a type III secretion system to translocate into mammalian cells bacterial effector proteins that target cellular functions such as epithelial barrier integrity, vesicular transport, and cytoskeletal structure. Translocated effectors induce ‘attaching and effacing’ lesions, characterized by microvillar effacement, intimate attachment, and actin ‘pedestal’ formation beneath bound bacteria. Systemic disease relies on the production of Shiga toxin, a potent inhibitor of ribosome function that triggers cell death, inflammation, and vascular damage. Most current therapies are only supportive in nature because antibiotic treatment may increase Shiga toxin production. Therefore, outbreak prevention, early diagnosis, and the development of new therapeutic strategies are critical.

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Page Count

94

Publisher

Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published Date

ISBN 10

0128061790

ISBN 13

9780128061794

Biological DNA Sensor

Chapter 2. The PYHIN Family of Molecules and their Functions Sensing dsDNA

By: Sivapriya Kailasan Vanaja,Vijay A.K. Rathinam,Katherine A. Fitzgerald

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Biological DNA Sensor

Chapter 2. The PYHIN Family of Molecules and their Functions Sensing dsDNA

By: Sivapriya Kailasan Vanaja,Vijay A.K. Rathinam,Katherine A. Fitzgerald

The innate immune response serves as the first line of defense against microbial infections by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns through germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors. Proteins of the PYHIN family have gained substantial research focus in recent years as central mediators of innate immune responses induced by cytosolic microbial DNA. Sensing of DNA by PYHINs typically leads to activation of inflammasomes and/or type I interferon responses that are crucial for host defense against invading pathogens. Certain members of the family are also involved in the development of autoimmune diseases as well as transcriptional regulation. Although the generation of knockout mice strains has unraveled the essential role of PYHIN proteins such as AIM2 in the development of antimicrobial innate immune responses, the exact biological role of several other PYHIN family members remains to be understood. This chapter reviews the important discoveries on PYHIN proteins and their role in microbial defense, autoimmunity and transcriptional regulation.

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Page Count

29

Publisher

Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published Date

ISBN 10

0128068752

ISBN 13

9780128068755