This book provides a review of problems during design and construction on problematic soils. Design methods, site investigation, construction and analysis of the various improvement methods available are explained and discussed. Various regions may have different soils with geotechnical problems that differ from those faced in other regions. For example, in Southeast Asia, the common geotechnical problems are those associated with construction on soft clays and organic soils, while in the arid region of the Middle East, problems are generally associated with the desert soils. In the US, the problems are associated with organic soils, expansive and collapsing soils, and shale. Laterite and lateritic soils are especially problematic in Mexico. Similarly, in Europe, for example, the geotechnical problems are associated with loess (France), and organic soil (Germany). A detailed description of various methods of ground improvement has been provided in 11 chapters. Each chapter deals not only with a description of the method but also focuses on region-specific ground problems and suitable ground improvement techniques. Case studies have also been included. One general chapter is dedicated to site investigation, instrumentation, assessment and control. This book will be of value to students and professionals in the fields of civil and geotechnical engineering, as well as to soil scientists and engineering geologists.
This book describes fluorocarbons gases’ preparation process, properties, applications and their evolution over time. The impact of fluorocarbons on the ozone layer and global and the development to mitigate those effects have been specially emphasized. The first major industrial fluorinated compound was developed in the 1920’s, to replace ammonia and sulfur dioxide refrigerants, at the General Motors Frigidaire Division by Thomas Midgley, Jr. and Albert Leon Henne. They developed a family of fluorocarbons trademarked Freon® for auto air conditioning units revolutionizing the auto industry. Other applications were developed over time including fire extinguishers, propellants, blowing agents, cleaners, anesthesia, artificial blood and others impacting every facet of life. In spite of being in broad global use for nearly a century, fluorocarbon gases have gone through great evolution during the last few decades. In the 1980s it was discovered chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases are harmful to the ozone layer, mainly because of their chlorine content. Chlorine was released in the upper atmosphere when chlorofluorocarbon molecules were broken down by the high energy cosmic radiation. CFCs were progressively banned following the Montreal Protocol of 1987. CFCs were replaced by fluorinated gases containing either less chlorine (hydrofluoro-chlorocarbons, or HCFCs), which are much less damaging (about 90% less) to the ozone layer or with fluorinated gases containing no chlorine, i.e. hydrofluorocarbons or HFCs. HFC have no impact on the ozone layer but impact global warming detrimentally. HFCs are usable without need for changes to the existing refrigeration or air conditioning installations. More recently hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), which have little or no negative impact on global warming, have been developed to replace or reduce the use of HFCs. HFOs are used as single compounds or in blends. Research and development continues to develop and replace the HCFCs and HFCs completely with environmentally friendly products. Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases presents a reference and text for the commercial fluorocarbon gases which have great many application in a wide range of industries such as refrigeration and air conditioning, as well as consumer products.
Methods by which robots can learn control laws that enable real-time reactivity using dynamical systems; with applications and exercises. This book presents a wealth of machine learning techniques to make the control of robots more flexible and safe when interacting with humans. It introduces a set of control laws that enable reactivity using dynamical systems, a widely used method for solving motion-planning problems in robotics. These control approaches can replan in milliseconds to adapt to new environmental constraints and offer safe and compliant control of forces in contact. The techniques offer theoretical advantages, including convergence to a goal, non-penetration of obstacles, and passivity. The coverage of learning begins with low-level control parameters and progresses to higher-level competencies composed of combinations of skills. Learning for Adaptive and Reactive Robot Control is designed for graduate-level courses in robotics, with chapters that proceed from fundamentals to more advanced content. Techniques covered include learning from demonstration, optimization, and reinforcement learning, and using dynamical systems in learning control laws, trajectory planning, and methods for compliant and force control . Features for teaching in each chapter: applications, which range from arm manipulators to whole-body control of humanoid robots; pencil-and-paper and programming exercises; lecture videos, slides, and MATLAB code examples available on the author’s website . an eTextbook platform website offering protected material[EPS2] for instructors including solutions.
Fluoroplastics, Volume 1, compiles in one place a working knowledge of the polymer chemistry and physics of non-melt processible fluoropolymers with detailed descriptions of commercial processing methods, material properties, fabrication and handling information, technologies, and applications. Also, history, market statistics, and safety and recycling aspects are covered. Both volumes contain a large amount of specific property data which is useful for users to readily compare different materials and align material structure with end use applications.Volume 1 concentrates mostly on polytetrafluoroethylene and polychlorotrifluoroethylene and their processing techniques – which are essentially non-melt-processes – used across a broad range of industries including automotive, aerospace, electronic, food, beverage, oil/gas, and medical devices.Since the first edition was published many new technical developments and market changes have taken place and new grades of materials have entered the market. This new edition is a thoroughly updated and significantly expanded revision covering new technologies and applications, and addressing the changes that have taken place in the fluoropolymer markets.Fluoroplastics, Volume 1 is an all-encompassing handbook for non-melt processible fluoropolymers – a unique and invaluable reference for professionals in the fluoropolymer industry and fluoropolymer application industries. Exceptionally broad and comprehensive coverage of non-melt processible fluoropolymers processing and applications. Practical approach, written by long-standing authority in the fluoropolymers industry. New technologies, materials and applications are included in the new edition.
While thin film technology has benefited greatly from artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques, there is still much to be learned from a full-scale exploration of these technologies in atomic layer deposition (ALD). This book provides in-depth information regarding the application of ML-based modeling techniques in thin film technology as a standalone approach and integrated with the classical simulation and modeling methods. It is the first of its kind to present detailed information regarding approaches in ML-based modeling, optimization, and prediction of the behaviors and characteristics of ALD for improved process quality control and discovery of new materials. As such, this book fills significant knowledge gaps in the existing resources as it provides extensive information on ML and its applications in film thin technology. Offers an in-depth overview of the fundamentals of thin film technology, state-of-the-art computational simulation approaches in ALD, ML techniques, algorithms, applications, and challenges. Establishes the need for and significance of ML applications in ALD while introducing integration approaches for ML techniques with computation simulation approaches. Explores the application of key techniques in ML, such as predictive analysis, classification techniques, feature engineering, image processing capability, and microstructural analysis of deep learning algorithms and generative model benefits in ALD. Helps readers gain a holistic understanding of the exciting applications of ML-based solutions to ALD problems and apply them to real-world issues. Aimed at materials scientists and engineers, this book fills significant knowledge gaps in existing resources as it provides extensive information on ML and its applications in film thin technology. It also opens space for future intensive research and intriguing opportunities for ML-enhanced ALD processes, which scale from academic to industrial applications.
This third edition has been updated and expanded, providing industrial chemists, technologists, environmental scientists, and engineers with an accurate, compact, and practical source of information on fluoropolymers. Highlighting existing and new industrial, military, medical, and consumer goods applications, this edition adds more detailed information on equipment and processing conditions. It explores breakthroughs in understanding property-structure relationships, new polymerization techniques, and the chemistry underlying polymers, such as melt-processable fluoroplastics. It also expands on the important properties of fluoropolymers, including heat and radiation degradation, health effects, and recycling. Features: Revised, updated, and expanded to continue to provide an accurate, compact, and practical source of information on fluoropolymers Explores the property-structure relationships, polymerization techniques, and the chemistry underlying polymers Fluoropolymers rank high on the specialty polymers group and, due to their unique properties, are naturally part of the solution to the industrial sustainability challenges of the twenty-first century Describes the technology of fluoropolymers, including thermoplastic and elastomeric products Expands upon the important characteristics of fluoropolymers and their recycling.
This is the second of a two volume series of books about fluoroplastics. Volume 1 covers the non-melt processible homopolymers, requiring non-traditional processing techniques. Volume 2 is devoted to the melt-processible fluoropolymers, their polymerization and fabrication techniques including injection molding, wire, tube, and film extrusion, rotational molding, blow molding, compression molding, and transfer molding. Both a source of data and a reference, the properties, characteristics, applications, safety, disposal, and recycling of melt-processible fluoropolymers are comprehensively detailed for immediate use by today's practicing engineering and scientists in the plastics industry. Students will benefit from the book's arrangement and extensive references.
Introduction to Fluoropolymers, Second Edition, provides a comprehensive overview of the history, principles, properties, processing and applications of fluoropolymers, supporting their development and utilization in high-performance applications, components, and products. This second edition has been updated and expanded to include new in-depth chapters on manufacturing and applications of PTFE and melt processible fluoropolymers. The book begins by demonstrating the role of fluoropolymers in everyday life, before introducing the history and basic principles of fluoropolymers. This is followed by detailed coverage of the main fluoropolymer types. Properties and applications are illustrated by real-world examples as diverse as waterproof clothing, vascular grafts and coatings for aircraft interiors. The different applications of fluoropolymers show the benefits of a group of materials that are highly water-repellant and flame-retardant, with unrivalled lubrication properties and a high level of biocompatibility. Health and safety and environmental aspects are also covered throughout the book, with a final chapter examining safety, disposal, and recycling in detail. This book is an essential resource for anyone looking to understand or use fluoropolymer materials in their products. This includes engineers, product designers, manufacturers, scientists, researchers, and other professionals, across industries such as automotive, aerospace, medical devices, food and beverages, high performance apparel, oil and gas, renewable energy, solar photovoltaics, electronics and semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, and chemical processing. This is also a valuable introductory guide for academic researchers and advanced students in plastics engineering, polymer science, and materials science. Introduces and demystifies fluoropolymers for a wide audience of engineers, designers, professionals, and researchers, across industries and disciplines Covers a broad range of materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), vinylidene fluoride polymers, fluoroelastomers, and more Focuses on properties, processing methods and advanced industrial applications of fluoropolymers
Covering a wide range of industrial applications across sectors including medical applications, automotive/aerospace, packaging, electronics, and consumer goods, this book provides a complete guide to the selection of adhesives, methods of use, industrial applications, and the fundamentals of adhesion. Dr Ebnesajjad examines the selection of adhesives and adhesion methods and challenges for all major groups of substrate including plastics (thermosets and thermoplastics), elastomers, metals, ceramics and composite materials. His practical guidance covers joint design and durability, application methods, test methods and troubleshooting techniques. The science and technology of adhesion, and the principles of adhesive bonding are explained in a way that enhances the reader's understanding of the fundamentals that underpin the successful use and design of adhesives. The third edition has been updated throughout to include recent developments in the industry, with new sections covering technological advances such as nanotechnology, micro adhesion systems, and the replacement of toxic chromate technology. Provides practitioners of adhesion technology with a complete guide to bonding materials successfully Covers the whole range of commonly used substrates including plastics, metals, elastomers and ceramics, explaining basic principles and describing common materials and application techniques Introduces the range of commercially available adhesives and the selection process alongside the science and technology of adhesion
In recent years, the applications of fluoropolymer additives have expanded significantly, with even the meaning of 'fluoropolymer additives' expanding from relatively the narrow definition of PTFE powder fillers to a wide variety of fluoropolymer elastomers, used as a processing aid for plastics processing such as extrusion, injection molding, and film blowing. The benefits of fluoropolymer additives used in plastics are the elimination of sharkskin defects, increases in process speed and output (up to 20%), the reduction of die build up, the reduction of gels and optical defects, etc. In addition, fluropolymer additives are being increasingly used in inks, lubricants, and coatings. For example, in the coating industry fluoropolymer additives can increase the life cycle of exterior coatings due to their excellent weatherability and subsequently increase the time between recoats. Engineers and scientist involved in polymer processing need practical information about these additives, their applications, and proper and safe handling. Until now much of this information has been difficult to obtain because of commercial secrecy. Existing books on polymer additives only include the briefest of coverage of fluoropolymer additives. In this first book on an additive group of growing importance, the authors review the commercial additives available on the market. The applications chapters provide readers with a step by step description of techniques to select and incorporate these additives in various products. UNIQUE FEATURES AND BENEFITS: Fluoropolymer additives are becoming more widely used with key applications including use as a polymer processing aid (increasing speed and reducing faults) and as an additive to lubricants, inks and coatings. This book is the only practical guide available to the selection and use of fluoropolymer additives, and will help readers to optimize existing fluoropolymer applications and implement new ones. Fluoropolymers are known as an area where detailed information is hard to come by. In this book two former DuPont employees provide a wide range of industry sectors with the essential practical information and data they need to realize the full benefits of fluoropolymer additives. Written for practicing engineers, Ebnesajjad and Morgan take a highly practical approach to the subject, based on real-world experience and case studies.
Peat and organic soils commonly occur as extremely soft, wet, unconsolidated surficial deposits that are an integral part of wetland systems. These types of soils can give rise to geotechnical problems in the area of sampling, settlement, stability, in situ testing, stabilisation and construction. There is therefore a tendency to either avoid build
Fluoroplastics, Volume 2: Melt Processible Fluoropolymers - The Definitive User's Guide and Data Book compiles the working knowledge of the polymer chemistry and physics of melt processible fluoropolymers with detailed descriptions of commercial processing methods, material properties, fabrication and handling information, technologies, and applications, also including history, market statistics, and safety and recycling aspects. Both volumes of Fluoroplastics contain a large amount of specific property data useful for users to readily compare different materials and align material structure with end use applications. Volume Two concentrates on melt-processible fluoropolymers used across a broad range of industries, including automotive, aerospace, electronic, food, beverage, oil/gas, and medical devices. This new edition is a thoroughly updated and significantly expanded revision covering new technologies and applications, and addressing the changes that have taken place in the fluoropolymer markets. Exceptionally broad and comprehensive coverage of melt processible fluoropolymers processing and applications Provides a practical approach, written by long-standing authorities in the fluoropolymers industry Thoroughly updated and significantly expanded revision covering new technologies and applications, and addressing the changes that have taken place in the fluoropolymer markets
This book introduces novel methods for leak and blockage detection in pipelines. The leak happens as a result of ageing pipelines or extreme pressure forced by operational error or valve rapid variation. Many factors influence blockage formation in pipes like wax deposition that leads to the formation and eventual growth of solid layers and deposition of suspended solid particles in the fluids. In this book, initially, different categories of leak detection are overviewed. Afterwards, the observability and controllability of pipeline systems are analysed. Control variables can be usually presented by pressure and flow rates at the start and end points of the pipe. Different cases are considered based on the selection of control variables to model the system. Several theorems are presented to test the observability and controllability of the system. In this book, the leakage flow in the pipelines is studied numerically to find the relationship between leakage flow and pressure difference. Removing leakage completely is almost impossible; hence, the development of a formal systematic leakage control policy is the most reliable approach to reducing leakage rates.
Handbook of Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers: Properties, Characteristics and Data gathers key technical information about structure, characteristics, properties and processing methods of commercial thermoplastic fluoropolymers in one easy reference. Thermoplastic fluoropolymers have many desirable functional characteristics, such as high thermal stability, reliability at high mechanical loads, a wide range of operating temperatures, and high chemical and radiation stability. These characteristics make them crucial in many specialist applications, including in the military, biopharmaceuticals and environmental protection. This uniquely comprehensive guide to this versatile family of polymers will help processors, fabricators and end-users find new and innovative solutions.Detailed coverage of technical details of processing methods, characteristics, and chemical properties of commercial thermoplastic fluoropolymers all in one place make this the most authoritative reference to the subject available. Includes extensive physical and mechanical property data for commercial thermoplastic fluoropolymers Provides comprehensive chemical resistance data for commercial thermoplastic fluoropolymers Explains the basics of fluoropolymers for readers with different backgrounds
Discover the ebook version of "Canine Chronicles: A Holistic Guide to Dogs and Their World", a comprehensive and insightful exploration of the canine world. This digital guide covers a wide range of topics, from dog care and training to the profound bond between humans and dogs. It delves into holistic approaches to understanding and caring for dogs, providing readers with a wealth of knowledge and practical advice. Whether you're a seasoned dog owner or considering bringing a furry friend into your life, this ebook is a valuable resource that will deepen your appreciation for these remarkable animals and help you provide the best possible care for your canine companion
A beautifully illustrated paperback guide to the trees of the World, Trees: An Illustrated Field Guide is a must-have for any amateur naturalist’s backpack. Learn to recognize trees on sight through their leaf shapes, body shapes, bark, and fruits! Trees: An Illustrated Field Guide is a compact, beautifully illustrated field guide to 40 of North America’s most common and most charismatic trees, along with 10 best-of-the-best trees from around the world. Inside this charming paperback, you’ll find profiles on individual species, each showcasing a full-page illustration. This book is meant to be slipped into a pocket or backpack for use in the field or in a tree. You’ll get to know your arboreal neighbors’ characteristics and habits and be able to introduce them to your friends and family. Learn which trees produce which fruits, nuts, and seeds; learn where and under what conditions they like to grow; learn what makes each one special. Discover the wonderful world of North American trees, including: - Oaks (Quercus genus) - Maples (Acer genus) - Hickories (Carya genus) - The American beech (Fagus grandifolia) - The American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) - Pines (Pinus genus) And many, many more! Visually stunning, Trees: An Illustrated Field Guide is an engrossing overview of North America’s remarkable and diverse mushrooms. You’ll find opportunities for discovery on every page.
If you open your mouth, ache. If you don't open your mouth, swelter. If you open your mouth but hold your breath, ether. If you look for colour, coral and tea leaves. If you follow the moon, wet and concrete. If you cling to the earth, pistol and candy apple. If you give up your garden, maze and globe, hydrangeas and moon vines. If you lose your shoes, pumice and strain. If you have no money, tin and clang. As meditative practices focus on the axis of breath, these poems focus on the moment of action, of thought, on the flux of speech. This is a poetry not of snapshots or collages but of long-exposed captures of the not-so-still lives of women. One sequence imagines Virginia Woolf's childhood; another unmakes her novel The Waves by attempting to untangle its six overlapping narratives. Yet another, 'On the Scent,' makes us flaneurs through the lives of a series of contemporary women, while 'The River Is All Thumbs' uses a palette of vibrant repetition to 'paint' a landscape. Queyras's language - astute, insistent, languorous - repeats and echoes until it becomes hypnotic, chimerical, almost halluncinatory in its reflexivity. How lyrical can prose poetry be? How closely can it mimic painting? Sculpture? Film? How do we make a moment firm? These 'postmodern,' 'postfeminist' poems pulse between prose and poetry: the line, the line, they seem to ask, must it ever end?
This book examines the role of normative economics in the writings of Karl Marx, Ludwig von Mises, Milton Friedman and Karl Popper. The book shows that while distinguishing positive from normative economics can be helpful, this distinction should not minimize the importance of normative economics or reject the possibility of offering objective evaluations of social phenomena and policies in normative economics. The book offers a critical assessment of the attempts by Marx, Mises and Friedman to reduce scientific economics to the positive analysis of social phenomena alone. Through a meticulous analysis of their work, the book shows that their positive theories fail to justify their evaluations of economic phenomena and policies. The book then draws on the writings of Popper to maintain that we should place normative economics at the center of economics. The book argues that normative economics can choose the norms underlying its evaluations of social situations and policies objectively and relies on some of Popper’s ideas to offer some criteria that can facilitate the selection of these norms. The book will be of interest to economists, historians of economic thought, philosophers of economics and political theorists and philosophers.
The recent rise of antisemitism in the United States has been well documented and linked to groups and ideologies associated with the far right. In From Occupation to Occupy, Sina Arnold argues that antisemitism can also be found as an "invisible prejudice" on the left. Based on participation in left-wing events and demonstrations, interviews with activists, and analysis of left-wing social movement literature, Arnold argues that a pattern for enabling antisemitism exists. Although open antisemitism on the left is very rare, there are recurring instances of "antisemitic trivialization," in which antisemitism is not perceived as a relevant issue in its own right, leading to a lack of empathy for Jewish concerns and grievances. Arnold's research also reveals a pervasive defensiveness against accusations of antisemitism in left-wing politics, with activists fiercely dismissing the possibility of prejudice against Jews within their movements and invariably shifting discussions to critiques of Israel or other forms of racism. From Occupation to Occupy offers potential remedies for this situation and suggests that a progressive political movement that takes antisemitism seriously can be a powerful force for change in the United States.
Aimed at engineers and materials scientists in a wide range of sectors, this book is a unique source of surface preparation principles and techniques for plastics, thermosets, elastomers, ceramics and metals bonding. With emphasis on the practical, it draws together the technical principles of surface science and surface treatments technologies to enable practitioners to improve existing surface preparation processes to improve adhesion and, as a result, enhance product life. This book describes and illustrates the surface preparations and operations that must be applied to a surface before acceptable adhesive bonding is achieved. It is meant to be an exhaustive overview, including more detailed explanation where necessary, in a continuous and logical progression. The book provides a necessary grounding in the science and practice of adhesion, without which adequate surface preparation is impossible. Surface characterization techniques are included, as is an up-to-date assessment of existing surface treatment technologies such as Atmospheric Plasma, Degreasing, Grit blasting, laser ablation and more. Fundamental material considerations are prioritised over specific applications, making this book relevant to all industries using adhesives, such as medical, automotive, aerospace, packaging and electronics. This second edition represents a full and detailed update, with all major developments in the field included and three chapters added to cover ceramic surface treatment, plasma treatment of non-metallic materials, and the effect of additives on surface properties of plastics. - A vital resource for improving existing surface treatment processes to increase product life by creating stronger, more durable adhesive bonds - Relevant across a variety of industries, including medical, automotive and packaging - Provides essential grounding in the science of surface adhesion, and details how this links with the practice of surface treatment
The Second and Third Indochina Wars are the subject of important ongoing scholarship, but there has been little research on the lasting impact of wartime violence on local societies and populations, in Vietnam as well as in Laos and Cambodia. Today's Lao, Vietnamese and Cambodian landscapes bear the imprint of competing violent ideologies and their perilous material manifestations. From battlefields and massively bombed terrain to reeducation camps and resettled villages, the past lingers on in the physical environment. The nine essays in this volume discuss post-conflict landscapes as contested spaces imbued with memory-work conveying differing interpretations of the recent past, expressed through material (even, monumental) objects, ritual performances, and oral narratives (or silences). While Cambodian, Lao and Vietnamese landscapes are filled with tenacious traces of a violent past, creating an unsolicited and malevolent sense of place among their inhabitants, they can in turn be transformed by actions of resilient and resourceful local communities.
The commercial PVF film Tedlar® was first trademarked by DuPont 50 years ago. Since that time it has established itself as a polymer with excellent resistance to sunlight degradation (UV resistance), thermal stability, chemical attack, water absorption, and solvents. These properties, together with a high solar energy transmittance rate, have led to it becoming established worldwide as the number one choice for the backsheets of photovoltaic solar panels, and a fire-retardent coating used in aircraft. This book is the first and only handbook that describes polyvinyl fluoride preparation, technology, processing, fabrication and applications – making it essential reading for engineers and scientists working in industry sectors where PVF is utilized. Complete guide to the applications of polyvinyl fluoride in photovoltaics, aerospace, signage, etc. Technology guide for processing and fabrication of PVF films Reference for properties and characteristics of PVF films The only book available that focuses on PVF – properties, processing and applications
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