This book explores the social economic processes of inequality in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century rural China. Drawing on uniquely rich source materials, Shuang Chen provides a comprehensive view of the creation of a social hierarchy wherein the state classified immigrants to the Chinese county of Shuangcheng into distinct categories, each associated with different land entitlements. The resulting patterns of wealth stratification and social hierarchy were then simultaneously challenged and reinforced by local people. The tensions built into the unequal land entitlements shaped the identities of immigrant groups, and this social hierarchy persisted even after the institution of unequal state entitlements was removed. State-Sponsored Inequality offers an in-depth understanding of the key factors that contribute to social stratification in agrarian societies. Moreover, it sheds light on the many parallels between the stratification system in nineteenth-century Shuangcheng and structural inequality in contemporary China.
This study asseses the technical and vocational education and training (TVET) system of Yunnan Province in China, including a skills-demand analysis and a review of work-based and non-formal training systems. It promotes policies for a demand-driven, high-quality, and equitable education and training system conducive to lifelong learning.
This book highlights the practical models and algorithms of earth observation satellite (EOS) task scheduling. EOS task scheduling is a typical complex combinatorial optimization problem with NP-Hard computational complexity. It is a key technology in aerospace scheduling and has attracted global attention. Based on the actual needs of the EOS operation control center, the book summarizes and reviews the state of the art in this research and engineering field. In both deterministic scenarios and dynamic scenarios, the book elaborates on the typical models, algorithms, and systems in centralized, distributed, and onboard autonomous task scheduling. The book also makes an outlook on the promising technologies for EOS task planning and scheduling in the future. It is a valuable reference for professionals, researchers, and students in satellite-related technology. This book is a translation of an original Chinese edition. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.
Nearly half of the world population today lives in countries with below- replacement level fertility, and the policy challenges posed by low fertility and small family size are no longer confined to industrialized countries. Yet, most of our knowledge about fertility and family size in developing countries is generated from high- fertility settings. With more developing countries expected to reach below-replacement fertility levels, there is a compelling need to renew our understanding of the determinants and effects of family size in developing countries under the new fertility regime.This dissertation consists of three studies set in the context of China, where fertility has reached and remained below the replacement level since the early 1990s. In Chapter 1, I re-evaluate the effect of women’s education on fertility by exploiting China’s higher education expansion as a natural experiment. I find a positive causal effect of women’s education on the number of children ever born. I reveal that education does not cause women to delay their first marriage. Rather, it increases the demand for children among ever-married women. In Chapter 2, I examine whether the birth of a second child reduces parental investment in the firstborn child, measured by educational aspirations and expenditures. I also show how the effect varies by child gender, family socioeconomic status, and as the “one-child” policy changes. In Chapter 3, I present evidence that ending the “one-child” policy leads to an increase in desired family size, settling a long-standing debate about whether and to what extent fertility desires are depressed by policy restrictions in China. Together, findings from this dissertation not only help determine why low fertility persists in China but also have wider implications beyond the Chinese context.
Early twentieth-century China paired the local community to the worldùa place and time when English dominated urban-centered higher and secondary education and Chinese-edited English-language magazines surfaced as a new form of translingual practice. Cosmopolitan Publics focuses on China's "cosmopolitans" Western-educated intellectuals who returned to Shanghai in the late 1920s to publish in English and who, ultimately, became both cultural translators and citizens of the wider world. Shuang Shen highlights their work in publications such as The China Critic and T'ien Hsia, providing readers with a broader understanding of the role and function of cultural mixing, translation, and multilingualism in China's cultural modernity. Decades later, as nationalist biases and political restrictions emerged within China, the influence of the cosmopolitans was neglected and the significance of cosmopolitan practice was underplayed. Shen's encompassing study revisits and presents the experience of Chinese modernity as far more heterogeneous, emergent, and transnational than it has been characterized until now.
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