This textbook is based on a course given by the first-named author to third and fourth year undergraduate students from physics, engineering physics and electrical engineering. The purpose is to introduce and explain some of the fundamental principles underlying laser beam control in optoelectronics, especially those in relation to optical anisotropy which is at the heart of many optical devices. The book attempts to give the reader the background knowledge needed to work in a laser, optoelectronic or photonic environment, and to manage and handle laser beam equipment with ease.In this edition, recent research results on modern technologies and instruments relevant to laser optoelectronics have been added to each chapter. New material include: chirped pulse amplification for petawatt lasers; optical anisotropy; physical explanations for group velocity dispersion, group delay dispersion, and third order dispersion; an introduction of different types of laser systems; and both optical isotropy and anisotropy in different types of harmonic generation.Theories based upon mode-locking and chirped pulse amplifications have become increasingly more important. It is thus necessary that students learn all these in a course devoted to laser optoelectronics. As such, Chapter 12 is now devoted to mode-locking and carrier-envelope phase locking. A new chapter, Chapter 13, which focuses on chirped pulse amplification has also been added.
This book highlights the latest advances in AFM nano-manipulation research in the field of nanotechnology. There are numerous uncertainties in the AFM nano-manipulation environment, such as thermal drift, tip broadening effect, tip positioning errors and manipulation instability. This book proposes a method for estimating tip morphology using a blind modeling algorithm, which is the basis of the analysis of the influence of thermal drift on AFM scanning images, and also explains how the scanning image of AFM is reconstructed with better accuracy. Further, the book describes how the tip positioning errors caused by thermal drift and system nonlinearity can be corrected using the proposed landmark observation method, and also explores the tip path planning method in a complex environment. Lastly, it presents an AFM-based nano-manipulation platform to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method using theoretical research, such as tip positioning and virtual nano-hand.
This book summarizes Chinese banks’ achievements in global markets and examines the differences between Chinese and foreign banks. It also explores the future roadmap of internationalization and the risks involved in the process, in order to provide reference resource for Chinese banks. Based on the CBII (Chinese Bank Internationalization Index), which was first released in 2015, the book introduces the Banks’ Internationalization Index (“BII”) and expands the BII by examining two groups of data, including the number of overseas branches, overseas assets and revenue. In addition it analyzes representative Chinese banks’ internationalization, using 16 of the Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs) as benchmarks.
Lasers and electro-optics is a field of research leading to constant breakthroughs. Indeed, tremendous advances have occurred in optical components and systems since the invention of laser in the late 50s, with applications in almost every imaginable field of science including control, astronomy, medicine, communications, measurements, etc. If we focus on lasers, for example, we find applications in quite different areas. We find lasers, for instance, in industry, emitting power level of several tens of kilowatts for welding and cutting; in medical applications, emitting power levels from few milliwatt to tens of Watt for various types of surgeries; and in optical fibre telecommunication systems, emitting power levels of the order of one milliwatt. This book is divided in four sections. The book presents several physical effects and properties of materials used in lasers and electro-optics in the first chapter and, in the three remaining chapters, applications of lasers and electro-optics in three different areas are presented
This book discusses on the Impact Mechanism of Carbon Tariffs and Carbon Labeling on Agri-trade and Emissions Reduction. Specifically, (1) it has analyzed the effect of carbon tariffs on Agri-trade and emissions reduction based on the hypothesis of carbon factor movement and the game theory, and built a Theoretical Model for carbon labeling to lead low-carbon behavior based on the international practices; (2) it simulated the impact of carbon tariffs on world's macro-economy and Agri-trade in China and worldwide using the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model; (3) it has made the first attempt to see the differences of willingness to pay for low-carbon products, purchasing behavior and expectations for government subsidies between consumers of different regions at different levels in China, by adopting questionnaire survey and scenario experiment; and (4) it has done an empirical analysis of carbon labels’ effect on low carbon consumption behavior based on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and experimental observation data with large samples. Finally, it has proposed policy recommendations based on the findings of the above theoretic and empirical studies.
This book mainly discusses the background of e-commerce, the basic knowledge of e-commerce, the basic models of e-commerce, the basic principles of e-commerce and the cases of e-commerce. This book has formed a theoretical system of e-commerce with a clear integration boundary. The introduction of the systematic theory is guided by the background of e-commerce, centered on the model of e-commerce, paved with the principles of e-commerce and integrated with the cutting-edge cases. This book defines the basic concepts, models and principle of e-commerce in the form of mathematical analysis and analyzes the basic theory of e-commerce from the perspective of mathematical model. This enables readers to form an abstract understanding of the connotation and extension of e-commerce. It establishes a knowledge system with the background of social ecology, engineering ecology and innovative ecology, taking the models of e-commerce as the core, the principles of e-commerce as the process, the architecture of e-commerce as the platform and the operation and management of e-commerce as the means to integrate the knowledge into application. This book uses case study to comprehensively analyze and apply the knowledge system involved in e-commerce, combining theoretical research with engineering research. Through this book, readers can systematically master all kinds of theories involved in e-commerce. This book aims at different professional and diverse reader groups. It can be used as the basic books for students of various e-commerce-related specialties.
This book mainly shows readers how to calibrate and control robots. In this regard, it proposes three control schemes: an error-summation enhanced Newton algorithm for model predictive control; RNN for solving perturbed time-varying underdetermined linear systems; and a new joint-drift-free scheme aided with projected ZNN, which can effectively improve robot control accuracy. Moreover, the book develops four advanced algorithms for robot calibration – Levenberg-Marquarelt with diversified regularizations; improved covariance matrix adaptive evolution strategy; quadratic interpolated beetle antennae search algorithm; and a novel variable step-size Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm – which can effectively enhance robot positioning accuracy. In addition, it is exceedingly difficult for experts in other fields to conduct robot arm calibration studies without calibration data. Thus, this book provides a publicly available dataset to assist researchers from other fields in conducting calibration experiments and validating their ideas. The book also discusses six regularization schemes based on its robot error models, i.e., L1, L2, dropout, elastic, log, and swish. Robots’ positioning accuracy is significantly improved after calibration. Using the control and calibration methods developed here, readers will be ready to conduct their own research and experiments.
This monograph offers insightful knowledge of real-world RTB systems, to bridge the gaps between industry and academia, and to provide an overview of the fundamental infrastructure, algorithms, and technical and research challenges of the new frontier of computational advertising.
This book comprehensively covers the topics of origin and distribution, evolution and types, regional and global importance, biodiversity conservation, plant-soil interfaces, ecosystem functions and services, social-ecological systems, climate change adaptations, land degradation and restoration, grazing management and pastoral production, and sustainable future of the grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), which is a globally unique eco-region called the "Roof of the World" because of its high elevation, “Third Pole on Earth" because of its alpine environment and the "Water Tower in Asia" because of its headwater location. The grassland ecosystem covers above 60% of QTP, which is about 2.5 million km2, 1/4 of Chinese total territorial lands. The grassland ecosystem of the QTP (the Third Pole) is an important part of the palaearctic region, which features alpine cover and low oxygen. The Third Pole's grasslands not only provide important ecosystem functions such as biodiversity conservation, carbon storage, water resource regulation, climate control, and natural disaster mitigation at a global scale, but also provide critical ecosystem services such as pastoral production, cultural inheritance, and tourism and recreation at local and regional scales. The purposes of this monograph are to address the following questions: (1) What are the special features of the Third Pole's grasslands? (2) How have climate changes and human activities changed the structures and functions of the Third Pole's grasslands? (3) How can we cope with land degradation and climate change through innovative restoration and protective actions for Third Pole's grasslands? And (4) How can we promote the sustainable development of social-ecological systems of the Third Pole's grasslands through best management practices including grazing? The goal of this book is to attract the attention of international audiences to realize the importance of the Third Pole’s grasslands, and to call for the actions of global communities to effectively protect and sustainably use the Third Pole's grasslands. This book can be served as textbooks, teaching materials and documentaries for different audiences. The target audiences include students, teachers, researchers, policy makers, planners, government officials, and NGOs in agricultural, environmental and natural resources sectors.
This book summarizes Chinese banks’ achievements in global markets and examines the differences between Chinese and foreign banks. It also explores the future roadmap of internationalization and the risks involved in the process, in order to provide reference resource for Chinese banks. Based on the CBII (Chinese Bank Internationalization Index), which was first released in 2015, the book introduces the Banks’ Internationalization Index (“BII”) and expands the BII by examining two groups of data, including the number of overseas branches, overseas assets and revenue. In addition it analyzes representative Chinese banks’ internationalization, using 16 of the Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs) as benchmarks.
A must-have reference on sustainable organic energy storage systems Organic electrode materials have the potential to overcome the intrinsic limitations of transition metal oxides as cathodes in rechargeable batteries. As promising alternatives to metal-based batteries, organic batteries are renewable, low-cost, and would enable a greener rechargeable world. Rechargeable Organic Batteries is an up-to-date reference and guide to the next generation of sustainable organic electrodes. Focused exclusively on organic electrode materials for rechargeable batteries, this unique volume provides comprehensive coverage of the structures, advantages, properties, reaction mechanisms, and performance of various types of organic cathodes. In-depth chapters examine carbonyl-, organosulfur-, radical-, and organometallic complexes, as well as polymer-based active materials for electrochemical energy storage (EES) technologies. Throughout the book, possible application cases and potential challenges are discussed in detail. Presents advanced characterization methods for verifying redox mechanisms of organic materials Examines recent advances in carbonyl-based small-molecule cathode materials in battery systems including lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and aqueous zinc-ion batteries Introduces organosulfide-inorganic composite cathodes with high electrical conductivity and fast reaction kinetics Outlines research progress on radical electrode materials, polymer-based organic cathode materials, and the development of all-organic batteries Summarizes the synthesis processes, redox mechanisms, and electrochemical performance of different kinds of organic anode materials for metal-ion batteries Featuring a general introduction to organic batteries, including a discussion of their necessity and advantages, Rechargeable Organic Batteries is essential reading for electrochemists, materials scientists, organic chemists, physical chemists, and solid-state chemists working in the field.
This book focuses on e-commerce industry chain based on the whole process of e-commerce activities (production, distribution, circulation, consumption). It extracted the supporting technology and operation process of e-commerce into general principles in the form of mathematical analysis, helping readers to build the frame of theory and practice of activity link of e-commerce. This book stands on the concepts, carries on the innovation and cases in the practice, helping readers to establish a relatively complete e-commerce system. Also the arising challenges and issues are discussed, and guide for the future e-commerce development under the new situation is presented.
This textbook is based on a course given by the first-named author to third and fourth year undergraduate students from physics, engineering physics and electrical engineering. The purpose is to introduce and explain some of the fundamental principles underlying laser beam control in optoelectronics, especially those in relation to optical anisotropy which is at the heart of many optical devices. The book attempts to give the reader the background knowledge needed to work in a laser, optoelectronic or photonic environment, and to manage and handle laser beam equipment with ease.In this edition, recent research results on modern technologies and instruments relevant to laser optoelectronics have been added to each chapter. New material include: chirped pulse amplification for petawatt lasers; optical anisotropy; physical explanations for group velocity dispersion, group delay dispersion, and third order dispersion; an introduction of different types of laser systems; and both optical isotropy and anisotropy in different types of harmonic generation.Theories based upon mode-locking and chirped pulse amplifications have become increasingly more important. It is thus necessary that students learn all these in a course devoted to laser optoelectronics. As such, Chapter 12 is now devoted to mode-locking and carrier-envelope phase locking. A new chapter, Chapter 13, which focuses on chirped pulse amplification has also been added.
This book systematically presents the concept, history, implementation, theory system and basic methods of pulsar and space flight, illustrating the characteristics of pulsars. It also describes the classification of spacecraft navigation systems and the autonomous navigation technologies, as well as X-ray pulsar-based navigation systems (XPNAV) and discusses future navigation satellite systems in detail.
This book applies a novel theory of ‘unbalanced responsiveness’ to the issue of economic inequality in China to better understand the relationship between authoritarian regimes and their citizens. The book highlights how the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has responded to dissatisfaction over inequality, with both propaganda and policy, revealing how the responsiveness in these two arenas is unbalanced. Arguing that while CCP propaganda claims to reduce inequality, its welfare programs have been stratified, unfair, and regressive, aggravating instead of alleviating inequalities. By utilizing data from multiple national surveys, the book reveals that the discrepancy between propaganda and policy ultimately generates further dissatisfaction and strong demands for redistribution. The findings of this study indicate how unmitigated and prolonged economic inequality could be a real threat to the sustained rule of the CCP regime. Providing a new theory, applicable to authoritarian and especially communist regimes, demonstrated through the lens of China, this book will be a valuable resource to students and scholars of Chinese studies, political science, and public policy.
This book aims to stay one step beyond the innovations of information and communication technologies and smart healthcare management and provides an overview of the risks smart healthcare management could help to alleviate, and those risks it would create or amplify. Inclusive discussions of the core of smart healthcare services in the perspective of system engineering are enclosed, such as smart healthcare definition, data information knowledge service, and intelligent hospital management. Summaries of technological and theoretical innovations spanning each step of the modern healthcare system are included, from health screening, clinical diagnosis, cancer screening, to in-hospital mortality monitoring, minimally invasive surgeries, and medical data storages. Analytics of risks reduced and induced by these innovations are provided, with potential solutions to such risks in healthcare management discussed. This book seeks to provide demonstrative examples of incidence capable innovations of healthcare technologies, which, while greatly enhancing abilities of healthcare workers and institutions, could pose risks to patients and sometimes even greater threats to the integrity of the healthcare system. The style of the book is intended to be demonstrative but most suited for researchers and graduate students, explaining the methodology behind healthcare innovations, with some citations and some deep scholarly reference.
In this book, we present our systematic investigations into consensus in multi-agent systems. We show the design and analysis of various types of consensus protocols from a multi-agent perspective with a focus on min-consensus and its variants. We also discuss second-order and high-order min-consensus. A very interesting topic regarding the link between consensus and path planning is also included. We show that a biased min-consensus protocol can lead to the path planning phenomenon, which means that the complexity of shortest path planning can emerge from a perturbed version of min-consensus protocol, which as a case study may encourage researchers in the field of distributed control to rethink the nature of complexity and the distance between control and intelligence. We also illustrate the design and analysis of consensus protocols for nonlinear multi-agent systems derived from an optimal control formulation, which do not require solving a Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. The book was written in a self-contained format. For each consensus protocol, the performance is verified through simulative examples and analyzed via mathematical derivations, using tools like graph theory and modern control theory. The book’s goal is to provide not only theoretical contributions but also explore underlying intuitions from a methodological perspective.
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