Light Propagation in Linear Optical Media describes light propagation in linear media by expanding on diffraction theories beyond what is available in classic optics books. In one volume, this book combines the treatment of light propagation through various media, interfaces, and apertures using scalar and vector diffraction theories. After covering the fundamentals of light and physical optics, the authors discuss light traveling within an anisotropic crystal and present mathematical models for light propagation across planar boundaries between different media. They describe the propagation of Gaussian beams and discuss various diffraction models for the propagation of light. They also explore methods for spatially confining (trapping) cold atoms within localized light-intensity patterns. This book can be used as a technical reference by professional scientists and engineers interested in light propagation and as a supplemental text for upper-level undergraduate or graduate courses in optics.
This is very unique and promises to be an extremely useful guide to a host of workers in the field. They have given a generalized presentation likely to cover most if not all situations to be encountered in the laboratory, yet also highlight several specific examples that clearly illustrate the methods. They have provided an admirable contribution to the community. If someone makes their living by designing lasers, optical parametric oscillators or other devices employing nonlinear crystals, or designing experiments incorporating laser beam propagation through linear or nonlinear media, then this book will be a welcome addition to their bookshelf." —Richard Sutherland, Mount Vernon Nazarene University, Ohio, USA Laser Beam Propagation in Nonlinear Optical Media provides a collection of expressions, equations, formulas, and derivations used in calculating laser beam propagation through linear and nonlinear media which are useful for predicting experimental results. The authors address light propagation in anisotropic media, oscillation directions of the electric field and displacement vectors, the walk-off angles between the Poynting and propagation vectors, and effective values of the d coefficient for biaxial, uniaxial, and isotropic crystals. They delve into solutions of the coupled three wave mixing equations for various nonlinear optical processes, including quasi-phase matching and optical parametric oscillation, and discuss focusing effects and numerical techniques used for beam propagation analysis in nonlinear media, and phase retrieval technique. The book also includes examples of MATLAB and FORTRAN computer programs for numerical evaluations. An ideal resource for students taking graduate level courses in nonlinear optics, Laser Beam Propagation in Nonlinear Optical Media can also be used as a reference for practicing professionals.
Read the First Issue for FREE! Enter a post-apocalyptic world where the last of humanity struggles to fight against the evil hordes of Nark, a dark continent lead by the monstrous Ravan. Honorable, but inexperienced brothers Princes Rama and Lakshman are duty-bound to take command of the seemingly dormant outpost of Ayodhya. They soon realize no place in the world is safe from Ravan's iron grip and must become warriors to defend their people to the death. In a time when what's left of the world is enshrouded in darkness, these brothers are mankind's last beacons of hope.
In an age of apocalypse, the legendary battle between good and evil continues in a new epic adventure. 1300 years into the future, the world has suffered apocalyptic devastation. Only two nations survive: Aryavarta, where the last vestiges of humankind dwells, and Nark, a dark continent ruled by the savage Asuras. Ravan, the demonic ruler of Nark, threatens Aryavarta with his desire for world domination, as his legions march forth and spread his evil empire. But hope remains in the form of four brothers, the princes of Aryavarta: Bharat, Shatrughan, Lakshman and the Prince Rama. They remain duty-bound to protect the war-torn outposts of Aryavarta from Ravan's forces but as the battle rages Prince Rama must choose between duty and the survival of his people. This is a triumph of imagination. The core characters and story of the world's greatest epics, the Ramayan, has been respectfully converted into a futuristic, post-apocalyptic tale, which blazes along at a blistering pace.
The rag-tag team of Rama, Vishwamitra, Laksham, and Guha has to go up against the ruthless Asura general Tataka and her brood to find Mithila and the enigmatic key to the future of the world that lies over there. Who will find the coveted one? Can Mithilda be saved from the vicious onslaught of the Asuras? What was the true reason behind the Asura attack on Janasthan? Answers and revelations await in this action-packed episode!
Mangrove Ecosystem: An Overview Mangroves: Definition and Types ‘Mangrove’ has been variously defined in literature. The Oxford dictionary mentioned the words ‘mangrove’ since 1613, indicating tropical trees or shrubs found in coastal swamps with tangled roots that grow above the ground. Later, the term ‘mangrove’ was referred to the individual plant or tidal forest or both, as ‘Mangrove plants’ and ‘Mangrove ecosystem’ (MacNae 1968). Chapman (1984) used the term ‘mangrove’ for inter tidal plants, and considered plant communities of inter tidal forest as mangrove ecosystem called ‘mangal’. The term ‘mangal’ was also commonly used in French and in Portuguese to refer to both forest communities and to individual plants. Several workers have opined that plants growing in between the highest and the lowest tidal limits may be considered ‘mangrove’ (Aubreville, 1964; MacNae, 1968; Blasco, 1977; Tomlinson, 1986; Naskar & Guha Bakshi, 1987). The tidal limits of various habitats, however, can vary. Mangrove plants comprise a heterogeneous group of independently derived lineages that are defined ecologically by their occurrence in tidal zones along shorelines and in estuaries and physiologically by their ability to withstand high salt concentrations and low soil aeration. Based on their abundance, distribution, and habitat specificity, Tomlinson (1986) distinguished major and minor mangrove elements as well as mangrove associates. He recommended that mangrove species were basically of two types, viz., (1) Major element of mangals or true mangroves – with complete fidelity to the mangrove environment, and (2) Minor element of mangals – not conspicuous in mangrove habitats, rather might prefer the peripheral habitats of mangrove regions. The term ‘Mangrove associate’ was coined for the flora representing nonarborescent, herbaceous, sub-woody and climber species, found growing mostly in regions bordering the tidal periphery of mangrove habitats. Tomlinson (1986) used fairly rigid criteria to distinguish true mangroves from mangrove associates. In his criteria, true mangroves possess all or most of the following features: (i) occurring only in mangrove environment and not extending into terrestrial communities; (ii) morphological specialization (aerial roots, vivipary); (iii) physiological mechanism for salt exclusion and/or salt excretion; (iv) taxonomic isolation from terrestrial relatives.
A year has passed and Lakshman is now on the run from Ayodhya, hunted by his own kinsmen and assassins. It seems the great land has fallen prey to conspiracy. In the hoary desert of Jara, Lakshman gives a last stand against the assailants, but the odd against him are to great. Miraculously, he is rescued by a powerful stranger - a stranger in search of the blue-skinned son of Ayodhya who is supposed to fulfill a great task. The journey begins...
Large cohorts of young adults are poised to add to the working-age population of developing economies. Despite much interest in the consequent growth dividend, the size and circumstances of the potential gains remain under-explored. This study makes progress by focusing on India, which will be the largest individual contributor to the global demographic transition ahead. It exploits the variation in the age structure of the population across Indian states to identify the demographic dividend. The main finding is that there is a large and significant growth impact of both the level and growth rate of the working age ratio. This result is robust to a variety of empirical strategies, including a correction for inter-state migration. The results imply that a substantial fraction of the growth acceleration that India has experienced since the 1980s - sometimes ascribed exclusively to economic reforms - is attributable to changes in the country’s age structure. Moreover, the demographic dividend could add about 2 percentage points per annum to India’s per capita GDP growth over the next two decades. With the future expansion of the working age ratio concentrated in some of India’s poorest states, income convergence may well speed up, a theme likely to recur on the global stage.
Energized by the enchanted land of Mithila, Rama finds himself drawn towards the strange and beautiful princess, Seeta. The elders say that they are destined to be together and to be married, so flowers are thrown, dulcet tunes reverberate in the valley, and garlands are to be exchanged... until darkness engulfs everything. Finally, He has come to claim the key himself. Ravan.
A story thousands of years in the making, a re-imagining of one of the greatest tales ever, retold in the post-apocalyptic future. Mankind has been devastated and in its wake the monstrous being Ravan and his dark hordes threaten to wipe out what little is left of humanity but hope is alive in the form of mighty warrior Prince Ram. Along with his brother Lakshman and the lovely Seeta, daughter of Mother Earth, Rama sets out on a perilous journey to end Ravan's bloody grip on the world. Ramayan 3392 A.D. is an epic adventure which has been called "India's answer to Lord of the Rings" by the Times of India and features a surreal cast of fantastical creatures and spectacular battles, all within an astonishing quest to save humanity from a darker evil that the world has ever encountered before.
Read the Guidebook issue for FREE! Set in a time two thousand years in the future, the Ramayan Reloaded universe fuses spiritual ideals from the East with the technological virtues of the West, all against a backdrop of one of the most immortal mythological tales of all time. Ramayan 3392 A.D. Reloaded re-imagines one of the most epic tales in history, and the Guidebook provides all the information on the myriad characters and settings of the series. Text entries by writer Shamik Dasgupta, and previously unseen imagery by Illustrator Jeevan Kang, serve as a great introduction for new readers, as well as a fascinating inside look for fans of the series.
The epic tale Ramayan 3392 A.D. has just been reloaded! The quest of the hero Rama, his loyal brother Lakshman, and the beautiful Seeta has just begun.
Optoelectronics is a rapidly expanding field of research and development. In years to come, it is destined to play a primary role in the growing information industry. The basic philosophy behind the science and technology of optoelectronics is to create and develop photonic devices in which optical photons (light waves) instead of electronic carriers, are manipulated for the conventional task performed by microelectronics. Thanks to the availability of large bandwidth at optical frequencies, the development of cost-effective low-loss low-dispersion silica fibers for optical transmission, and the possibility of ultra-fast two-dimensional processing, the field of present-day microelectronics is moving steadily towards this new technology of optoelectronics and photonics.This volume presents reviews of different areas of optoelectronics written by international experts in the field, covering most of the topics of recent importance. It includes detailed discussions on semiconductor lasers and optical amplifiers; optical fiber transmission; photodetectors; optoelectronic and photonic integrated circuits; light-wave telecommunications; optical signal and image processing; optical computing; nonlinear and integrated optics; space-time Fourier optics; optical metrology and sensing and optical interconnects. All chapters are written in the style of a textbook containing tutorial sections which should be of great use to graduate students. The volume should serve as an excellent book for graduate level course on optoelectronics, modern optical engineering, and optical communications.
This book is written with a view to provide readers with a comprehensive guide to the jurisprudence of forest laws in India. The book analyses, discusses and documents, every socially relevant piece of legislation governing forests in India. It traces the history of environmental jurisprudence giving a panoramic view to the existent legislations in India, their coming into being in light of the international developments. The authors discuss the right to environment as a human right, while simultaneously emphasising on the right to nature itself. Forests have assumed a significant position in India’s drive for ecological sustainability. The judges take an active part in the promotion and development of globally recognised concepts of sustainable development, outside government initiatives., a part of Indian environmental conservation framework. Moreover, giving forest sustainability its due importance, the Courts have contributed significantly by discussing the contribution of forests in the developmental process and bringing the issue of sustained use of the forest resource to the fore. Judgments have been delivered 8 highlighting the need for sustained growth practices which compensate for the forest loss and emphasize again and again on the need to conserve and maintain forests. Therefore, the book also embarks upon the judicial pronouncements and their role in exhibiting the rights of forest dwellers via judicial trajectory of these laws
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