This book deals exclusively with the power-flow modelling of HVDC transmission systems. Different types of HVDC transmission systems, their configurations/connections and control techniques are covered in detail. Power-Flow modelling of both LCC- and VSC-based HVDC systems is covered in this book. Both the unified and the sequential power-flow methods are addressed. DC grid power-flow controllers and renewable energy resources like offshore wind farms (OWFs) are also incorporated into the power-flow models of VSC-HVDC systems. The effects of the different power-flow methods and HVDC control strategies on the power-flow convergence are detailed along with their implementation. Features: Introduces the power-flow concept and develops the power-flow models of integrated AC/DC systems. Different types of converter control are modelled into the integrated AC/DC power-flow models developed. Both unified and the sequential power-flow methods are addressed. DC grid power-flow controllers like the IDCPFC and renewable energy resources like offshore wind farms (OWFs) are introduced and subsequently modelled into the power-flow algorithms. Integrated AC/DC power-flow models developed are validated by implementation in the IEEE 300-bus and European 1354-bus test networks incorporating different HVDC grids. This book aims at researchers and graduate students in Electrical Engineering, Power Systems, and HVDC Transmission.
This book examines the female criminals and the prison conditions and issues they must endure through the lens of a case study in the Karachi women’s prison in Pakistan. With higher events of crime and poverty due to COVID-19, this volume considers the worsening conditions for women inmates as it relates to psychological trauma, access to resources, economic factors, and working against the cultural forces and criminal justice forces that contribute to the unstable state of women’s prisons. This book includes case studies of women prisoners. Addressing a gap in literature about female inmates in South Asia and Pakistan this volume is ideal for researchers in feminist criminology, women’s studies, prisoners psychology, and for law enforcement agencies.
Since its emergence in the 1980s the national innovation system (NIS) concept has become widely used by scholars and policymakers alike. In the course of its rapid diffusion it has provoked controversy on fundamental issues. Where did NIS emerge? What is the theoretical core of the concept? Is it actually a scientific concept or simply a buzz-word? How useful is it in terms of low income countries? How does the national innovation system relate to economic, social and environmental sustainable development? Is it meaningful to study national systems in a globalizing economy? What are the legitimate policy implications? This book provides an in depth analysis of all these questions as well as recommending future avenues of research.
Raised as a Christian minority in a Muslim nation, Shagufta Kausar learned early on to never argue about faith or to stand up for her beliefs. Doing so could easily lead to riots and deadly violence, so she was told to always be silent, like a lamb. In 2013, local police raided Shagufta's home, accusing her of sending a blasphemous text to a local imam. As a mother of four, Shagufta was arrested, her handicapped husband, Shafqat, was hung upside down and beaten, and her children were put in state custody. The truth was, Shagufta didn't even have a phone and was illiterate – she couldn’t write or speak the language in the text. She was impossibly innocent. Convicted at a trial she was not allowed to attend and sentenced to death by hanging, Shagufta was told that she could save herself and her family if she would only abandon her faith and accept Islam. Under threat of death, she refused. Her stunning true story of a courageous mother of four standing against the tyranny of her country’s blasphemy laws illuminates the reality of what many Christians around the world face every day. Shagufta is a voice for Christian minorities that suffer daily persecution under unjust laws.
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