Glass production is thought to date to ~2500 BC and had found numerous uses by the height of the Roman Empire. Yet the modern view of glass-based chemical apparatus (beakers, flasks, stills, etc.) was quite limited due to a lack of glass durability under rapid temperature changes and chemical attack. This “brief” gives an overview of the history and chemistry of glass technology from its origins in antiquity to its dramatic expansion in the 13th century, concluding with its impact on society in general, particularly its effect on chemical practices.
This digital primer serves as an excellent introduction to conjugated polymers, particularly in terms of their synthesis and design. Chapters one and two introduce common terminology and fundamental concepts. Chapter three covers known structure–function relationships that can be used to design conjugated polymers with the desired properties for specific applications, concluding with a discussion of the additive and sometimes conflicting aspects of these design elements. Chapters four, five, and six cover the various methods used to synthesize these materials, beginning with the oldest and most simple approaches, and increasing in synthetic complexity. Advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and faculty wishing to enter this field for the first time should find this primer beneficial. At the same time, however, we have pointed out various misconceptions still commonly found in the literature, which should be valuable to those already familiar with these materials.
Glass production is thought to date to ~2500 BC and had found numerous uses by the height of the Roman Empire. Yet the modern view of glass-based chemical apparatus (beakers, flasks, stills, etc.) was quite limited due to a lack of glass durability under rapid temperature changes and chemical attack. This “brief” gives an overview of the history and chemistry of glass technology from its origins in antiquity to its dramatic expansion in the 13th century, concluding with its impact on society in general, particularly its effect on chemical practices.
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, is one of the most ubiquitous chemical compounds in the history of the chemical sciences. The generation of alcohol via fermentation is also one of the oldest forms of chemical technology, with the production of fermented beverages such as mead, beer and wine predating the smelting of metals. By the 12th century, the ability to isolate alcohol from wine had moved this chemical species from a simple component of alcoholic beverages to both a new medicine and a powerful new solvent. Of course, this also began the long tradition of production of liqueurs and strong spirits for consumption. The use of alcohol as a fuel, however, did not occur until significantly later periods. This volume presents a general overview of the early history and chemistry of alcohol production and isolation, as well as a discussion of its early uses in both the chemical arts and medicine.
This Brief presents for the first time a detailed historical overview of the development of acetylene polymers, beginning with the initial discovery of acetylene in 1836 and continuing up through the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The polymerization of acetylene is most commonly associated with polyacetylene, which was found to be conductive when treated with oxidizing agents such as Br2 or I2 in the mid‐to‐late 1970s. In fact, under the right conditions, oxidized polyacetylenes can exhibit conductivities into the metallic regime, thus providing the first example of an organic polymer exhibiting metallic conductivity. As a consequence, the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Hideki Shirakawa, Alan MacDiarmid, and Alan Heeger for this pioneering research, the award citation reading “for the discovery and development of electrically conductive polymers.” Because of this, most incorrectly view polyacetylene, as well as conducting polymers in general, to originate in the 1970s. In this work, the author examines the polymerization of acetylene from early thermal polymerization studies to the ultimate production of the fully conjugated polyacetylene. Although true polyacetylene was not successfully produced until the 1950s by Giulio Natta, the polymerization of acetylene dates back to 1866 with the work of Marcellin Berthelot. These initial efforts were continued by a range of scientists to produce a polymeric material collectively given the name cuprene in 1900 by Paul Sabatier. Between the initial cuprene studies and the production of true polyacetylene, two related materials were also studied, usually referred to as polyenes and polyvinylenes. Although both of these materials could be thought of as forms of polyacetylene, neither was actually generated from the direct polymerization of acetylene. Readers will gain insight into the fact that polyacetylene and conducting organic polymers have a much longer history than commonly believed and involved the work of a significant number of Nobel Laureates.
This digital primer serves as an excellent introduction to conjugated polymers, particularly in terms of their synthesis and design. Chapters one and two introduce common terminology and fundamental concepts. Chapter three covers known structure–function relationships that can be used to design conjugated polymers with the desired properties for specific applications, concluding with a discussion of the additive and sometimes conflicting aspects of these design elements. Chapters four, five, and six cover the various methods used to synthesize these materials, beginning with the oldest and most simple approaches, and increasing in synthetic complexity. Advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and faculty wishing to enter this field for the first time should find this primer beneficial. At the same time, however, we have pointed out various misconceptions still commonly found in the literature, which should be valuable to those already familiar with these materials.
This major reference works brings together the current state of the art for joint preservation surgery of the knee, including arthroscopic and open procedures. Generously illustrated with radiographs and intraoperative photos, it presents the latest tips and techniques, providing the knee surgeon with the most up-to-date information for precise preparation and decision-making in this rapidly evolving area. This comprehensive guide is divided into ten thematic sections covering clinical evaluation; fundamentals of arthroscopic and open approaches; basic and advanced arthroscopic procedures; surgical management of meniscal disorders; management of ACL injuries; approaches to complex and multi-ligamentous injuries; limb malalignment; management of cartilage and subchondral bone; patellofemoral and extensor mechanism disorders; and rehabilitation and return to play considerations. Written by experts in the field, Knee Arthroscopy and Knee Preservation Surgery will be a highly valued resource for orthopedic and sports medicine surgeons, residents and fellows.
This Brief presents for the first time a detailed historical overview of the development of acetylene polymers, beginning with the initial discovery of acetylene in 1836 and continuing up through the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The polymerization of acetylene is most commonly associated with polyacetylene, which was found to be conductive when treated with oxidizing agents such as Br2 or I2 in the mid‐to‐late 1970s. In fact, under the right conditions, oxidized polyacetylenes can exhibit conductivities into the metallic regime, thus providing the first example of an organic polymer exhibiting metallic conductivity. As a consequence, the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Hideki Shirakawa, Alan MacDiarmid, and Alan Heeger for this pioneering research, the award citation reading “for the discovery and development of electrically conductive polymers.” Because of this, most incorrectly view polyacetylene, as well as conducting polymers in general, to originate in the 1970s. In this work, the author examines the polymerization of acetylene from early thermal polymerization studies to the ultimate production of the fully conjugated polyacetylene. Although true polyacetylene was not successfully produced until the 1950s by Giulio Natta, the polymerization of acetylene dates back to 1866 with the work of Marcellin Berthelot. These initial efforts were continued by a range of scientists to produce a polymeric material collectively given the name cuprene in 1900 by Paul Sabatier. Between the initial cuprene studies and the production of true polyacetylene, two related materials were also studied, usually referred to as polyenes and polyvinylenes. Although both of these materials could be thought of as forms of polyacetylene, neither was actually generated from the direct polymerization of acetylene. Readers will gain insight into the fact that polyacetylene and conducting organic polymers have a much longer history than commonly believed and involved the work of a significant number of Nobel Laureates.
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