This chapter starts with the analysis of the distillation path of binary mixtures on the general phase behavior P–T diagram of binary mixtures. The univariant lines of these diagrams limit the region of vapor–liquid equilibria where binary distillation can be applied. On this basis, the conditions under which distillation is possible for types I, II, IV, and V of binary mixtures are discussed. Furthermore, in this chapter, the principles of fractional distillation, as well as the computational procedures, are discussed. The thermodynamic modeling of a train of distillation columns to separate the components of an ethane-cracked gas mixture is used to develop a strategy for an equation of state parameter tuning. This strategy is based on the analysis of the distillation column phase equilibrium sensitivity and leads to an unique matrix of equation of state dominant binary parameters for the whole fractionation train. The chapter ends with a list of phase equilibrium engineering guidelines to make a realistic design/simulation of distillation columns.
Traditionally, the teaching of phase equilibria emphasizes the relationships between the thermodynamic variables of each phase in equilibrium rather than its engineering applications. This book changes the focus from the use of thermodynamics relationships to compute phase equilibria to the design and control of the phase conditions that a process needs. Phase Equilibrium Engineering presents a systematic study and application of phase equilibrium tools to the development of chemical processes. The thermodynamic modeling of mixtures for process development, synthesis, simulation, design and optimization is analyzed. The relation between the mixture molecular properties, the selection of the thermodynamic model and the process technology that could be applied are discussed. A classification of mixtures, separation process, thermodynamic models and technologies is presented to guide the engineer in the world of separation processes. The phase condition required for a given reacting system is studied at subcritical and supercritical conditions. The four cardinal points of phase equilibrium engineering are: the chemical plant or process, the laboratory, the modeling of phase equilibria and the simulator. The harmonization of all these components to obtain a better design or operation is the ultimate goal of phase equilibrium engineering. - Methodologies are discussed using relevant industrial examples - The molecular nature and composition of the process mixture is given a key role in process decisions - Phase equilibrium diagrams are used as a drawing board for process implementation
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