Tuberculosis is still a major threat to the human population, and understanding the strategies employed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been a challenge to researchers for decades. The significance of IL6 production in tuberculosis is still not clear, although it has been known for quite some time that IL6 interferes with IFN-γ induced signaling. Recently, research from our laboratory has identified a significant strategy adopted by virulent mycobacteria. Virulent mycobacteria upregulate IL6 production to inhibit IFN-γ induced autophagy formation, and thus avoid phagosome maturation and subsequent killing by lysosomal enzymes. This report is based on several observations. Exogenous IL6 inhibits IFN-γ induced autophagy in M. tuberculosis H37Rv-infected macrophages. M. tuberculosis H37Rv infection results in time-dependent production of IL6 in THP-1 cells, and neutralization of this endogenous IL6 by anti-IL6 antibody significantly enhances IFN-γ mediated killing of the intracellular bacteria. IL6 time-dependently lowers the Atg12–Atg5 complex and therefore inhibits autophagosome biogenesis rather than autophagolysosome formation. IL6 also affects IFN-γ mediated stimulation of mTOR, p38, and JNK pathways.
Tuberculosis is still a major threat to the human population, and understanding the strategies employed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been a challenge to researchers for decades. The significance of IL6 production in tuberculosis is still not clear, although it has been known for quite some time that IL6 interferes with IFN-γ induced signaling. Recently, research from our laboratory has identified a significant strategy adopted by virulent mycobacteria. Virulent mycobacteria upregulate IL6 production to inhibit IFN-γ induced autophagy formation, and thus avoid phagosome maturation and subsequent killing by lysosomal enzymes. This report is based on several observations. Exogenous IL6 inhibits IFN-γ induced autophagy in M. tuberculosis H37Rv-infected macrophages. M. tuberculosis H37Rv infection results in time-dependent production of IL6 in THP-1 cells, and neutralization of this endogenous IL6 by anti-IL6 antibody significantly enhances IFN-γ mediated killing of the intracellular bacteria. IL6 time-dependently lowers the Atg12–Atg5 complex and therefore inhibits autophagosome biogenesis rather than autophagolysosome formation. IL6 also affects IFN-γ mediated stimulation of mTOR, p38, and JNK pathways.
This book explores the meanings and complexities of India’s experience of transition from colonial to the post-colonial period. It focuses on the first five years – from independence on 15th August 1947 to the first general election in January 1952 – in the politics of West Bengal, the new Indian province that was created as a result of the Partition. The author, a specialist on the history of modern India, discusses what freedom actually meant to various individuals, communities and political parties, how they responded to it, how they extended its meaning and how in their anxiety to confront the realities of free India, they began to invent new enemies of their newly acquired freedom. By emphasising the representations of popular mentality rather than the institutional changes brought in by the process of decolonization, he draws attention to other concerns and anxieties that were related to the problems of coming to terms with the newly achieved freedom and the responsibility of devising independent rules of governance that would suit the historic needs of a pluralist nation. Decolonization in South Asia analyses the transitional politics of West Bengal in light of recent developments in postcolonial theory on nationalism, treating the ‘nation’ as a space for contestation, rather than a natural breeding ground for homogeneity in the complex political scenario of post-independence India. It will appeal to academics interested in political science, sociology, social anthropology and cultural and Asian studies.
The book seeks to situate caste as a discursive category in the discussion of Partition in Bengal. In conventional narratives of Partition, the role of the Dalit or the Scheduled Castes is either completely ignored or mentioned in passing. The authors addresse this discursive absence and argues that in Bengal the Dalits were neither passive onlookers nor accidental victims of Partition politics and violence, which ruptured their unity and weakened their political autonomy. They were the worst victims of Partition. When the Dalit peasants of Eastern Bengal began to migrate to India after 1950, they were seen as the 'burden' of a frail economy of West Bengal, and the Indian state did not provide them with a proper rehabilitation package. They were first segregated in fenced refugee camps where life was unbearable, and then dispersed to other parts of India - first to the Andaman Islands and the neighbouring states, and then to the inhospitable terrains of Dandakaranya, where they could be used as cheap labour for various development projects. This book looks critically at their participation in Partition politics, the reasons for their migration three years after Partition, their insufferable life and struggles in the refugee camps, their negotiations with caste and gender identities in these new environments, their organized protests against camp maladministration, and finally their satyagraha campaigns against the Indian state's refugee dispersal policy. This book looks at how refugee politics impacted Dalit identity and protest movements in post-Partition West Bengal.
This book is a study of modern Bengali words based on the data obtained from a corpus of written texts. The author has used all kinds of data, information and examples from the Bengali corpus to shape up this text. He has made an empirical attempt to analyse Bengali words and other lexical items from the perspective of their surface orthographic representation to understand the internal structure of their composition with a focus on their functional roles in various contexts of their usage within texts. In order to achieve this goal, he has established a link between the internal composition and external representation of words within an interface of usage and function of words in texts. The issues addressed in the book include decomposition of words, interpretation of function of word-formative elements and analysis of lexico-semantic identities of the word-formative elements in relation to their function in words.
பறையர்கள் என்பவர்கள் யார் என்னும் ஆதாரக் கேள்வியுடன் தொடங்கும் இந்த முக்கியமான ஆய்வுநூல் 19ம் நூற்றாண்டின் தொடக்கம் முதல் 20ம் நூற்றாண்டின் பிற்பகுதி வரையிலான பறையர்களின் சமூக, அரசியல், பொருளாதார வாழ்க்கை முறையை மிக விரிவாகவும் ஆதாரபூர்வமாகவும் பதிவு செய்திருக்கிறது. பிரிட்டிஷ் காலனியாதிக்கத்துக்கு ஆட்படுவதற்கு முன்பு பறையர்களின் வாழ்நிலை எப்படி இருந்தது என்பதையும் ஆட்பட்ட பின்னர் எத்தகைய மாற்றங்களையெல்லாம் சந்திக்க நேர்ந்தது என்பதையும் நுணுக்கமாக ஒப்பிட்டு ஆராய்கிறது. இந்த மாற்றத்தில் பங்கெடுத்த பிரிட்டிஷ் மற்றும் இந்திய அமைப்புகள், அரசியல் கட்சிகள், கிறிஸ்தவ மிஷனரிகள் ஆகியவற்றைப் பற்றியும் பல விரிவான செய்திகள் இந்நூலில் இடம்பெற்றுள்ளன. பறையர்கள் மெல்ல மெல்ல தங்கள் வாழ்நிலையை மாற்றிக்கொண்டு போராடத் தொடங்கியபோதும் அரசியல் வெளிக்குள் நுழைந்தபோதும் மேல்சாதியினரும் ஆதிக்கப் பிரிவினரும் எப்படியெல்லாம் எதிர்வினையாற்றினார்கள் என்பதை வாசிக்கும்போது நந்தனார் சம்பவம் நம் நினைவுக்கு வந்துவிடுகிறது. திராவிட இயக்கம் தோன்றுவதற்கு முன்பே, 1850களில் பறையர்களின் போராட்ட மரபு தொடங்கிவிட்டது என்பதைத் தகுந்த ஆதாரங்களுடன் நிறுவும் நூலாசிரியர் ராஜ் சேகர் பாசு, தமிழ்நாட்டின் தவிர்க்கவியலாத அரசியல் சக்தியாக பறையர்கள் மாறிப்போனது எப்படி என்பதைப் படிப்படியாக விவரிக்கிறார். பிரிட்டிஷ் நிர்வாக ஆவணங்கள், அரசுத் துறை பதிவுகள், நில ஆவணங்கள் என்று தொடங்கி விரிவான, ஆழமான மூலாதாரங்களில் இருந்து பறையர்கள் குறித்த தகவல்களைத் திரட்டியெடுத்து ஆய்வு செய்துள்ளார். விளிம்புநிலை மக்களின் வரலாறு எப்படி ஆய்வு செய்யப்படவேண்டும், எப்படி ஆவணப்படுத்தப்படவேண்டும் என்பதற்கு இந்தப் புத்தகம் ஒரு அருமையான உதாரணம். சாதி, அரசியல், வரலாறு, சமூகவியல் ஆகிய துறைகளில் ஆர்வம் உள்ள அனைவரும் போற்றி வரவேற்கவேண்டிய மிக முக்கியமான பதிவு இந்நூல்.
This book examines instances of transformative dissent, turning points or shifts in popular mobilisation patterns in contemporary India, while adopting a historical approach and analysing past events. Exploring the different continuities and discontinuities in mobilising patterns and dissident agency in India, the authors present a heterogeneous insurrectional pattern that pivoted around issues of caste, class, religion, land reform, labour, taxation and territorial control, with anti-colonialism movements becoming prominent in the first half of the twentieth century. The authors move beyond this to explore more recent templates of mobilisation which surfaced towards the end of the twentieth century, during India’s liberalisation period. With growing marketisation and technological advancement, unprecedented changes in social relations, growing economic opportunities and cultural transfusion taking place, the country became a ‘New India’ - one which aspired to be a global player in the wider technological public sphere. Tracing the historical trajectories of social movements in India, this book examines recent trends in digitised dissidence and explores new frontiers of protests, providing fresh insights for those researching the history of social movements, South Asian and Indian history and postcolonial studies.
The narrative of this book is built around the historical experiences of the Paraiyars of Tamil Nadu. The author traces the transformation of the Paraiyars from an ‘untouchable’ and socially despised community to one that came to acquire prominence in the political scene of Tamil Nadu, especially in early 20th century. Through this framework, the book studies a number of issues: subaltern history, colonial ethnography, agrarian systems, agrarian bondage, land legislations, and the interventions by missionaries and social and political organizations.
In spite of mankind's triumph in taming nature for his survival and benefit, succumbing to the vagaries of nature has become a regular global concern. Out of the array of different catastrophes, earthquakes and cyclones together are responsible for an overwhelming majority of the global damages caused by natural disasters in the last decade, leaving millions homeless. The loss of property and life are primarily due to failure of structures to withstand such catastrophes, caused often due to lack of implementation of a few guidelines. The evolution of these guidelines is rooted in understanding the principles of the mechanics that regulate the behaviour of the structures under lateral dynamic loading imparted by earthquakes and cyclones.In this context, Improving Earthquake and Cyclone Resistance of Structures: guidelines for the Indian subcontinent, is an attempt to introduce guidelines for the types of building structures frequently observed and built in the Indian subcontinent as well as in other developing countries. The guidelines are meant for both architectural and structural features, and include constructional aspects as well. The book introduces these guidelines in such a manner that all aspects can be properly understood, related, and implemented by practising engineers and architects. On the whole, the book may help develop awareness and sensitized technical manpower for combating the threats posed by natural disasters like earthquakes and cyclones.
Thank you for visiting our website. Would you like to provide feedback on how we could improve your experience?
This site does not use any third party cookies with one exception — it uses cookies from Google to deliver its services and to analyze traffic.Learn More.