Interesting and important ethical questions confront researchers, regulators, institutional review boards, support personnel, and research participants committed to the ethical conduct of human subjects research at all stages of research. Questions encompass - but are not limited to - study design, enrolling participants, balancing the clinical needs of participants against the research agenda, ending trials, discharging post-trial obligations, and resolving conflicts. Straightforward solutions to these types of questions are often not found in regulations, ethics codes, or the bioethics literature. These resources may leave room for interpretation, offer conflicting guidance, or simply fail to address particular questions. Ethics consultation, which has been offered in clinical care settings with regularity since the 1980s, has since the turn of the century increasingly been sought in the clinical research context. Because there has only lately been recognition that ethics consultants can play a valuable role helping the research community conduct research in the most ethically informed way, there are many open questions in the field of research ethics consultation including the appropriate role of consultants and the best methods of consultation. The Clinical Center Bioethics Consultation Service has been serving the NIH community of researchers, administrators, healthcare providers, and research participants for more than a decade, conducting nearly 1,000 consultations in that time. In this book, members of the Bioethics Consultation Service reflect on this long track-record and unparalleled range of research ethics consultations to share a collection of their most interesting and informative research ethics consultations and to start a dialogue on remaining open questions. Although the NIH experience is unique, this book focuses on cases - and associated lessons - that are generalizable and valuable for the entire clinical research community. This book will be valuable to ethics consultants, clinical investigators, students and teachers, and others desiring insight into clinical research ethics and ethics consultation.
Electrospinning is from the academic as well as technical perspective presently the most versatile technique for the preparation of continuous nanofi bers obtained from numerous materials including polymers, metals, and ceramics. Shapes and properties of fibers can be tailored according to the demand of numerous applications including filtration, membranes, textiles, catalysis, reinforcement, or biomedicals. This book summarizes the state-of-the art in electrospinning with detailed coverage of the various techniques, material systems and their resulting fiber structures and properties, theoretical aspects and applications. Throughout the book, the current status of knowledge is introduced with a critical view on accomplishments and novel perspectives. An experimental section gives hands-on guidance to beginners and experts alike.
Focuses on basic aspects of nano/microfibers made by electrospinning with details on spinning recipes, characterization techniques and chemistry of the polymers in use. The basic understanding provided in the book, is useful for producing 1D and 3D fibrous structures with specific properties for applications, e.g. textiles, membranes, reinforcements, catalysis, filters or biomedical uses. Students and practitioners will find great value in the step by step instructions how to manufacture nanofibers. - Electrospinning equipment - History of electrospinning and nanofibers -characterization-fundamentals of electrospun fibers - Ready-made recipes for spinning solutions - Conditions for the productions of highly diverse fiber morphologies and arrangements - Chemistry of fiber forming materials
This book helps clinicians to optimally and appropriately utilize homocysteine levels in the diagnosis, prediction and management of and research into vascular disease and many other conditions. It also familiarizes readers with the pathophysiology and clinical implications of hyperhomocysteinemia. Laboratory investigations are gaining importance in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients, and as such, scientists and laboratorians are constantly attempting to identify new markers that will help in earlier diagnosis and better prognostication of conditions with high morbidity and mortality, as well as high prevalence. According to the WHO, developing countries are home to 80% of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke – conditions with a mortality second only to cancer. Intensive research in these areas has resulted in the identification of homocysteine (declared the ‘marker of the millennium’) and several new markers for the diagnosis and prediction of CAD and stroke. The book is a valuable resource for clinicians and consultants in practice, as well as for postgraduate and undergraduate students of medicine, biotechnology and biochemistry.
This book explores theoretical and empirical perspectives on corporate governance and sustainability and reflects upon India’s three decades of corporate governance reforms. It provides a solid base of information culled from extensive empirical research. It will contribute to the 2030 agenda of the United Nations on Sustainable Development Goals by lighting the way forward and enhancing the convergence of corporate governance with sustainability in business entities. Adopting a credible and uniform sustainability reporting framework and cultivating a pervasive “sustainability culture” through effective “sustainability leadership” has become a business imperative. It will be highly relevant for all stakeholders, including shareholders, boards of directors, managers, academicians, and researchers, and it will empower, enrich, and enable them to gain more conceptual clarity and empirical understanding of corporate governance and sustainability issues. In addition, it shows the pathway for policymakers and practitioners to address the myriad challenges that emanate from sustainability by suggesting new approaches emerging in the critical domain of corporate governance.
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