For centuries India has had Muslim rule and rulers - including female Sultans – yet, with the rise of Hindu fundamentalism, India’s Muslim history and the Muslim contribution is being obscured and downplayed. Against this background, the opportunities for Muslim women to raise their concerns over access to education rights and work opportunities, or to raise issues within Muslim personal law – including marriage, divorce and personal freedoms – are severely restricted. This new Report Muslim Women in India calls for an end to discrimination against Muslims in India and the oppression of Muslim women. The author Seema Kazi questions the way in which the rise of the Hindu right-wing has led to a tightening of the interpretations of Muslim women’s rights and freedoms, along with the subordination of Muslim women’s concerns to the demands of Muslim communal identity. This Report discusses: Muslim history in India pre- and postindependence and partition; Muslim men and women’s current position in India; Muslim women’s involvement in the wider women’s movements; and has a focus on gender, Islam and human rights. The Report concludes with an outlook for Muslims and Muslim women in India, and with a set of recommendations on some of the key issues to be addressed. Please note that the terminology in the fields of minority rights and indigenous peoples’ rights has changed over time. MRG strives to reflect these changes as well as respect the right to self-identification on the part of minorities and indigenous peoples. At the same time, after over 50 years’ work, we know that our archive is of considerable interest to activists and researchers. Therefore, we make available as much of our back catalogue as possible, while being aware that the language used may not reflect current thinking on these issues.
One of the most unconventional yet immensely popular deities in the Hindu pantheon, goddess Kali essentially represents the dark and contrary aspects of the cosmos. Her naked form and association with violence, blood and gore challenge the very concept of divinity. Yet, over the centuries, she has come to represent a whole gamut of conflicting images-from bloodthirsty ogress to benign goddess. So today while she is venerated as Chamunda, a deity who verges on the macabre and grotesque, she is also adored in household shrines in one of her milder forms, Dakshina-Kali. It is this evolution of Kali-from her origin as a tantric goddess to her metamorphosis into a divinity in mainstream religion-that Seema Mohanty captures brilliantly in this book. Drawing upon a variety of sources-rituals associated with the worship of Kali, tales from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Puranas, the Tantras and Agamas, folklore and films-she has succeeded in portraying in engrossing detail the myriad manifestations of the enigmatic deity that is Kali.
In Unknowing and the Everyday Seema Golestaneh examines how Sufi mystical experience in Iran shapes contemporary life. Central to this process is ma’rifat, or “unknowing”—the idea that, as it is ultimately impossible to fully understand the divine, humanity must operate from an engaged awareness that it knows nothing. Golestaneh shows that rather than considering ma’rifat an obstacle to intellectual engagement, Sufis embrace that there will always be that which they do not know. From this position, they affirm both the limits of human knowledge and the mysteries of the profane world. Through ethnographic case studies, Golestaneh traces the affective and sensory dimensions of ma’rifat in contexts such as the creation of collective Sufi spaces, the interpretation of Persian poetry, formulations of selfhood and non-selfhood, and the navigation of the socio-material realm. By outlining the relationship between ma’rifat and religious, aesthetic, and social life in Iran, Golestaneh demonstrates that for Sufis the outer bounds of human thought are the beginning rather than the limit.
For centuries India has had Muslim rule and rulers - including female Sultans – yet, with the rise of Hindu fundamentalism, India’s Muslim history and the Muslim contribution is being obscured and downplayed. Against this background, the opportunities for Muslim women to raise their concerns over access to education rights and work opportunities, or to raise issues within Muslim personal law – including marriage, divorce and personal freedoms – are severely restricted. This new Report Muslim Women in India calls for an end to discrimination against Muslims in India and the oppression of Muslim women. The author Seema Kazi questions the way in which the rise of the Hindu right-wing has led to a tightening of the interpretations of Muslim women’s rights and freedoms, along with the subordination of Muslim women’s concerns to the demands of Muslim communal identity. This Report discusses: Muslim history in India pre- and postindependence and partition; Muslim men and women’s current position in India; Muslim women’s involvement in the wider women’s movements; and has a focus on gender, Islam and human rights. The Report concludes with an outlook for Muslims and Muslim women in India, and with a set of recommendations on some of the key issues to be addressed. Please note that the terminology in the fields of minority rights and indigenous peoples’ rights has changed over time. MRG strives to reflect these changes as well as respect the right to self-identification on the part of minorities and indigenous peoples. At the same time, after over 50 years’ work, we know that our archive is of considerable interest to activists and researchers. Therefore, we make available as much of our back catalogue as possible, while being aware that the language used may not reflect current thinking on these issues.
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