In the years around the Second World War, policymakers in the United States and Western Europe faced unique security challenges occasioned by the development of new technologies and the emergence of transnational ideological conflict. In coming to terms with these challenges, they developed the historically novel practice in which a state might maintain a long-term, peacetime military presence on the territory of another sovereign state without the subjugation of the latter. Such basing arrangements between substantive equals were previously unthinkable: under the inherited understanding of sovereignty, in which there was a tight linkage between military presence and territorial authority, such military presences could only be understood in terms of occupation or annexation. These "sovereign basing" practices, as I call them, are now central to many aspects of contemporary security politics. This book applies concepts derived from pragmatist thought to a historical study of the relations between the United States and its wartime allies to explain the origin of this phenomenon. A pragmatist lens draws attention to how the actors involved creatively recombined inherited practices in response to changes in the material and social context of action and thereby transformed the practice of sovereignty. The tools offered by pragmatism provide needed analytical leverage over the emergence of novelty and offer valuable insight into the dynamics of stability and change. The practice of sovereign basing, bound up as it is now with the constitution of interests and understanding of how states exercise power, is likely a durable feature of international politics."--
The present book proposes a systematic understanding about the conditions, mechanisms, influences, and processes evolving into a creative behavior in music, based on interdisciplinary perspectives of the cognitive sciences, In his research study, Sebastian Schmidt focuses on so-called musical extrapolations’ processes which bring the elusive quality of music into mental existence by creating extrapolations about possible future occurring events, their musical meanings, and the interrelations of their meanings. These processes, involved while music is being listened to and composed, are defined as the result of implicit and explicit problem-solving processes which are guided in tangible ways by factors of intrinsic activities and motivation, pre-disposed and experience-based structures, and environmental pressure.
Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2009 im Fachbereich BWL - Offline-Marketing und Online-Marketing, Note: 2,3, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Viele Menschen handeln in Anpassungssituationen rational und lassen sich informativ beeinflussen,um sich selbst nicht im Wege zu stehen.Hinter rationalem Verhalten verbirgt sich der Homo Oeconomicus.Er versucht stets vernünftig und nicht affektiv zu agieren,um so schließlich seinen Nutzen zu maximieren.Auch das Marketing macht sich dieses rat. Verhalten der Menschen in Kaufsituationen zunutze,indem man z.B.auf allgemeine Werbung und speziell auf virales Marketing zur Kaufentscheidungsbeeinflussung setzt.Mit dieser Art des Marketings versucht man die Konsumenten mit Informationen über Produkte und/oder Services des Unternehmens innerhalb kürzester Zeit zu infizieren.Das Ziel ist eine exponentiell wachsende Diffusion des Informationsvirus,um möglichst viele Verbraucher auf die Leistungen des Beworbenen aufmerksam zu machen.Des Weiteren bemüht man sich,so die Kaufentscheidungen des Einzelnen zu beeinflussen.Dies funktioniert am besten,wenn man bereits eine gewisse Anzahl von Menschen überzeugen konnte,um so den Herdentrieb voranzutreiben.In der Herde sieht der Mensch eine ausreichende Versorgung und Sicherheit in Entscheidungssituationen.Daher lässt er sich,trotz teilweise anderer Einstellung zu Informationen bzw. zu Produkten,von der Masse prägen.Hiermit wäre der Übergang für diese Arbeit geschaffen,in der geklärt werden soll,warum sich viele Individuen der Masse anpassen und inwiefern rationales Herdenverhalten und/oder Konformität,in Form von informativer sozialer Einflüsse,Kaufentscheidungen beeinflussen.Zur Klärung dieser Frage wird,einsteigend der theoretische Rahmen abgesteckt.In Kap.2 wird auf allgemeine Definitionen und Beispiele zu rationalem Herdenverhalten und Konformität eingegangen und miteinander verglichen.Hierbei liegt der Schwerpunkt auf informativen Einflüssen die zur Konformität führen können und auf Informationskaskaden,als Teil des rationalen Herdenverhaltens.In Kap.3 werden die im 2. Kap. herausgearbeiteten Mechanismen in Verbindung mit Kaufverhalten und den daraus entstehenden Kaufentscheidungen gesetzt.Des Weiteren wird versucht,diese Entscheidungsbeeinflussungen in das Modell von Ajzen/Fishbein einzuordnen bzw.zu eruieren,inwiefern sie auf das Modell anzuwenden sind.Kap.4 beschäftigt sich mit wissenschaftlichen Studien,welche sich speziell mit der Beeinflussung von Produktbeurteilungen befassen.Abschließend werden noch einmal alle wichtigen Erkenntnisse aufgezeigt,und es wird geprüft,inwiefern die Ausgangsfrage geklärt werden konnte.
The sound pressure pT at the human eardrum has essential advantages as reference signal in audiological and psychoacoustical experiments. Unfortunately, precise pressure measurements very close to the tympanic membrane are difficult. In practice, the microphone has to be positioned at a certain distance from the eardrum. The measured pressure then has to be transformed to the eardrum. As a "classical" approach for the estimation of the necessary transfer function, an acoustical network model of the ear canal is developed from geometrical data of the canal (cross-sectional area function) which is in turn determined from measurements of its acoustical input impedance. Such methods, however, do not provide robust results. In this thesis, the concept of one-dimensional models of the ear canal is examined to find the origin of these errors. For this purpose, the sound field at the human external ear was analyzed using finite element models. Inside the canal, irregular three-dimensional structures occur that cannot be modelled accurately using classical one-dimensional network concepts. Upon these findings, an accurate, efficient and highly feasible method for the estimation of pT was developed. Equal-loudness level contours with reference to the eardrum pressure that were measured as pilot application of the new method are presented.
This balanced and thoughtful book presents a thorough analysis of the dynamics of China’s foreign relations. Sebastian Heilmann and Dirk H. Schmidt provide a comprehensive and discriminating view of the complex, often competing factors (domestic influences, regional tensions, global uncertainties) that shape Chinese foreign policy. They portray the PRC as a land of multiple identities—a nation that is becoming more assertive in East Asia as it explores novel approaches to its foreign economic policies, while simultaneously displaying thin-skinned sensitivities when confronted with international criticism. The authors argue that unconventional approaches to foreign relations—in particular a unique combination of long-term strategies with multilevel policy experiments—are driving Chinese global expansion. The provocative and challenging final chapter, designed to spur discussion, considers China’s imperial identity warring against the decentralized activities conducted in the “shadow of the empire.” Illicit transnational “guerilla-like” networks have thus become powerful driving forces behind the continued development of China’s foreign policy as well as its foreign-trade relations. The authors contend that the activities of these “niche nomads,” with their largely invisible or chameleon-like presence, constitute the most alarming dimension of China’s foreign relations as they gain ground and resources in many parts of the world with the potential to shake the very foundations of other societies.
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This analysis strives to factually present the evolution of Germany’s foreign and security policy vis-à-vis the Syrian Arab Republic and the Republic of Iraq. It assesses the question of whether German foreign policy is guided by a new doctrine, insofar as it envisages to assume more security policy responsibility on the global stage, as stated in the recently published “2016 White Paper on German Security Policy and the Future of the Bundeswehr.”
King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies (KFCRIS)
Published Date
ISBN 10
6038206019
ISBN 13
9786038206010
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